A potential negative consequence of high-stakes testing is inappropriate test behaviour involving individuals and/or institutions. Inappropriate test behaviour and test collusion can result in aberrant response patterns and anomalous test scores and invalidate the intended interpretation and use of test results. A variety of statistical techniques…

Background: As technology moves rapidly forward and our world becomes more interconnected, we are seeing increases in the complexity and challenge associated with scientific problems. More than ever before, scientists will need to be resilient and able to cope with challenges and failures en route to success. However, we still understand…

One of the primary goals of international large-scale assessments in education is the comparison of country means in student achievement. This article introduces a framework for discussing differential item functioning (DIF) for such mean comparisons. We compare three different linking methods: concurrent scaling based on full invariance,…

This paper reports how I addressed the issue of extensive missing values in my PhD study, "Digital Competencies of High School Mathematics Teachers". I collected data using an online survey. Several methods exist to address the issue of missing values. I utilised multiple imputation (MI) as it provides more accurate results. The mean…

One of the questionnaires that will be used to evaluate social learning environments such as Facebook is the Online Social Learning Environment Instrument (OSLEI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the OSLEI using alternative method of analysis via Rasch model toward 49 undergraduate students in Malaysia. To date, no study has evaluated the…

The speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) suggests that time constraints reduce response accuracy. Its relevance in observational settings--where response time (RT) may not be constrained but respondent speed may still vary--is unclear. Using 29 data sets containing data from cognitive tasks, we use a flexible method for identification of the SAT (which…

This study presents the methodological and procedural development process of the Digital Age Teaching Scale (DATS), a summative assessment tool designed to measure application of the ISTE Standards for Educators in K-12 classrooms. The theoretical framework of the ISTE Standards for Educators informed the development of DATS, and an 8-step process…

The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale adapted for use with children (NEP-C) is one of the most frequently used measures of children's environmental beliefs. Though widely utilized, the limitations of the NEP-C instrument are often overlooked. Based on a systematic synthesis of existing literature examining the NEP-C, we argue that the scale…

Recently, adaptive test approaches have become a viable alternative to traditional fixed-item tests. The main advantage of adaptive tests is that they reach desired measurement precision with fewer items. However, fewer items mean that each item has a more significant effect on ability estimation and therefore those tests are open to more…

Item parameter drift (IPD) is the systematic differentiation of parameter values of items over time due to various reasons. If it occurs in computer adaptive tests (CAT), it causes errors in the estimation of item and ability parameters. Identification of the underlying conditions of this situation in CAT is important for estimating item and…

Response styles introduce construct-irrelevant variance as a result of respondents systematically responding to Likert-type items regardless of content. Methods to account for response styles through data analysis as well as approaches to mitigating the effects of response styles during data collection have been well-documented. Recent approaches…

A regression model of predictor trade-offs is described. Each regression parameter equals the expected change in Y obtained by trading 1 point from one predictor to a second predictor. The model applies to predictor variables that sum to a constant T for all observations; for example, proportions summing to T=1.0 or percentages summing to T=100…

Testing programs have explored the use of technology-enhanced items alongside traditional item types (e.g., multiple-choice and constructed-response items) as measurement evidence of latent constructs modeled with item response theory (IRT). In this report, we discuss considerations in applying IRT models to a particular type of adaptive testlet…

This paper introduces AMMORE, a new dataset of 53,000 math open-response question-answer pairs from Rori, a mathematics learning platform used by middle and high school students in several African countries. Using this dataset, we conducted two experiments to evaluate the use of large language models (LLM) for grading particularly challenging…

Dual-process theories of reasoning suggest that humans reason using two processes often referred to as process 1 (heuristic) and process 2 (analytic). When presented with a situation requiring any sort of reasoning or decision making, process 1 automatically engages and generates an initial mental model to address the situation. Process 2 may or…