Presenteeism is a severe global public health issue, which is widespread in the community of teachers. Limited evidence shows presenteeism patterns and their associations with work engagement and turnover intention among primary and secondary school teachers in China. In this study, latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to categorize the presenteeism patterns of teachers, and multiple linear regression was performed to explore the associations of these patterns with the work engagement and turnover intention of teachers. Presenteeism existed in group heterogeneity and five patterns of presenteeism were classified. Different patterns of presenteeism were associated with work engagement and turnover intention to different degrees. Compared with the low presenteeism group, the high presenteeism one exhibited the lowest work engagement, followed by the medium presenteeism and working energy-consuming presenteeism groups, and finally the group with working restricted presenteeism. Meanwhile, the high presenteeism group had the highest risk for turnover intention, followed by working restricted presenteeism and medium presenteeism groups, while working energy-consuming presenteeism was not related to the turnover intention of teachers. School administrators should develop targeted interventions for various types of teachers' presenteeism, to prevent presenteeism from negatively affecting teachers' work engagement and turnover intention.