Background: Children and adults with neurotypical development employ linguistic information to predict and anticipate information. Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have weaknesses in language production and the domain of grammar but relative strengths in language comprehension and the domain of semantics. What is not clear is the extent to…

What is the function of babbling in language learning? We examined the structure of parental speech as a function of contingency on infants' non-cry prelinguistic vocalizations. We analyzed several acoustic and linguistic measures of caregivers' speech. Contingent speech was less lexically diverse and shorter in utterance length than…

Like many other service organizations, drop-in peer tutoring centers often struggle to determine the required number of qualified tutors necessary to meet learner expectations. Service work is largely a response to probabilistic calls for staff action and therefore difficult to forecast with precision. Moreover, forecasting models under long…

Public health is the place where science, policy, politics, and activism converge. Each public health issue is a snapshot where we can see the unfolding of the collective processes that define who we are, what we believe, and what we value as a society. Our professional strength is our commitment to community and social justice values, but we are…

Numerous studies merely note divergence in students' and teachers' ratings of student noncognitive constructs. However, given the increased attention and use of these constructs in educational research and practice, an in-depth study focused on this issue was needed. Using a variety of quantitative methodologies, we thoroughly investigate…

An educational institution is a place where people of different ages gain an education. In Pakistan, it includes primary, middle, high schools, inter colleges, technical and vocational institutions, degree colleges and universities. They provide a large variety of learning environments and learning spaces. This article figures out educational…

Purpose: To examine the capacity of physiological variables and performance to predict peak oxygen consumption (peak VO[subscript 2]) in children and adolescents living with HIV. Method: Sixty-five children and adolescents living with HIV (30 boys) aged 8-15 years, participated in the study. Peak VO[subscript 2] was measured by breath-by-breath…

Fifteen years ago, Frey and Detterman established that the SAT (and later, with Koenig, the ACT) was substantially correlated with measures of general cognitive ability and could be used as a proxy measure for intelligence (Frey and Detterman, 2004; Koenig, Frey, and Detterman, 2008). Since that finding, replicated many times and cited extensively…

Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth and geographic dispersion in international student mobility. In this paper, we empirically test the predictions of two competing theoretical models underpinning the determinants of student mobility -- the human capital model and the migration model -- across traditional and emerging destinations. Our…

Knowledge tracing is the task of modeling each student's mastery of knowledge concepts (KCs) as (s)he engages with a sequence of learning activities. Each student's knowledge is modeled by estimating the performance of the student on the learning activities. It is an important research area for providing a personalized learning platform to…

Over the past decade, low graduation and retention rates have plagued higher education institutions. To help students graduate on time and achieve optimal learning outcomes, many institutions provide advising services supported by educational technologies. Accurate grade prediction is an integral part of these services such as degree planning…

Computational models of learning can be powerful tools to test educational technologies, automate the authoring of instructional software, and advance theories of learning. These mechanistic models of learning, which instantiate computational theories of the learning process, are capable of making predictions about learners' performance in…

Typical Bayesian methods for models with latent variables (or random effects) involve directly sampling the latent variables along with the model parameters. In high-level software code for model definitions (using, e.g., BUGS, JAGS, Stan), the likelihood is therefore specified as conditional on the latent variables. This can lead researchers to…

Given that society combines a poor ability to predict future technology with a good ability to forget poor past predictions, the author decided to create a course on "the history of future technology." The initial idea was to simply showcase a litany of failed technofuturist attempts and projects, and, in so doing, teach students to be…

As institutions seek to shift into more advanced analytics and data-based decision-support, many institutional research offices face the challenge of meeting the office's current demands while taking on more intricate and specialized work to support decision-making. Given the great need organizations have for information that supports real-time…