Works of contemporary Spanish essayists, Pedro Lain Entralgo, Juan Rof Carballo, Jose Luis Aranguren, and Enrique Tierus Galvan, are analyzed. (DS)

Reports that, as Francis Christensen maintains, final free modifiers do occur more frequently in essay sentences by professional writers than in those by college students, but that students' prose is deficient in initial and medial modifiers also. (RD)

Proposition analysis was used to equate the text base of two essays with different readability levels. Easier reading essays were given higher scores than difficult reading essays. The results appear to identify another noncontent influence on essay test scores, leaving increasingly less variance for differences in content. (Author/PN)

The fifth in a series of innovators in the teaching of elementary school science, this essay outlines the contributions of Florence Billig (1890-1967). (CS)

Shows how Muir's writing succeeded in transforming his readers' imaginative experience of scenic grandeur into an obligation to support preservationist legislation. Demonstrates how he influenced the establishment of Yosemite National Park and the preservation of wilderness reserves. (PD)

Using data from the SCRE Criterion Test composition papers, the author tests the hypothesis that the bulk of inter-marker unreliability is caused by inter-marker inconsistency--which is not correctable statistically. He suggests that a shift to "consensus" standards will realize greater improvements than statistical standardizing alone.…