The performance of standardized tests is an ongoing matter of concern for childhood researchers. Standardized tests are often described as neglecting the ethical complexities of doing research with young children. However, this critique is primarily presented in general terms, and does not attend to the locality and specificity of particular test…

Since the retina shares its embryological origin with the central nervous system, optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technique frequently employed in ophthalmology to analyze the macula and intraretinal layer thicknesses and volumes, has recently become increasingly important in psychiatric research. We examined 34 autistic and 31…

Current challenges in early identification of autism spectrum disorder lead to significant delays in starting interventions, thereby compromising outcomes. Digital tools can potentially address this barrier as they are accessible, can measure autism-relevant phenotypes and can be administered in children's natural environments by non-specialists.…

Background: Many children experience delayed or missed identification of an intellectual disability diagnosis, meaning that key opportunities for early educational intervention may be lost. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the views of teachers, parents, and clinicians (n = 22), about the use of the Child and Adolescent…

The Miller-Rabin test is a useful probabilistic method for finding large primes. In this paper, we explain the method in detail and give three variations on this test. These variations were originally developed as student projects to supplement a course in error correcting codes and cryptography.

This study aims to determine the need for multitiered diagnostic instruments to identify misconceptions and their causes, as well as multi-representational profiles in chemistry lessons starting from grade 10 in the initial to the final material for grade 12. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive, namely descriptive…

The purpose of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9) using both Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) approaches, with a sample of practicing school counselors (N = 356). The results of analyzing the UWES-9 included information on item-level statistics, internal…

The Forms of Bullying Scale was introduced in 2013 and was normed with a large group of Australian students aged 12 to 15 (Shaw et al., 2013). To date, no researchers have attempted to validate FBS on adolescents in the United States. The purpose of this paper is to provide validation for the Forms of Bullying Scale -- Perpetration (FBS-P; Shaw et…

Research on classroom motivational climates and microclimates--students' shared and idiosyncratic perceptions of motivational classroom features--demonstrates their importance for fostering adaptive motivational and achievement-related outcomes. However, a lack of coherent theoretical guidance about the nature of students' classroom climate…

The Critical Thinking Assessment Test (CAT) is a tool for evaluating students' critical thinking skills in various educational institutions within and outside the United States. While institutions regard the CAT as a high-stakes assessment, students may perceive it as a low-stakes test due to its lack of personal or academic repercussions. This…

Longitudinal item response data often exhibit two types of measurement noninvariance: the noninvariance of item parameters between subject groups and that of item parameters across multiple time points. This study proposes a comprehensive approach to the simultaneous modeling of both types of measurement noninvariance in terms of longitudinal item…

Testing for differential item functioning (DIF) has undergone rapid statistical developments recently. Moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) allows for simultaneous testing of DIF among multiple categorical and continuous covariates (e.g., sex, age, ethnicity, etc.), and regularization has shown promising results for identifying DIF among…

Understanding the intraindividual relation between an individual's speed and ability in testing scenarios is essential to assure a fair assessment. Different approaches exist for estimating this relationship, that either rely on specific study designs or on specific assumptions. This paper aims to add to the toolbox of approaches for estimating…

When teachers work with students exhibiting academic failure, they may look to factors outside of instruction such as a student's home life or perceived disability as explanations. Placing the locus of control outside of the instructional context becomes a convenient way to escape culpability for unsatisfactory outcomes. A more functional approach…

Self-regulation is an essential component of school readiness. Although in educational contexts self-regulation is typically defined in terms of volitional processes, it also encompasses the activity of neurophysiological systems, including the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). In a prospective longitudinal study, 102 preschoolers (M[subscript…