This study examines the relationship between children's disruptiveness during dental treatment and their state (comptemporaneous or situational nervousness), trait (general nervousness), and specific dental anxiety. All patients studied were about 8 years old. Sample I (84 pedodontic patients) underwent a variety of dental procedures (extractions,…

The effects of varying the formats of behavior rating scale items on teacher ratings of student hyperactivity were investigated. Two hundred forty-two teachers were asked to rate a variety of children; some had been identified as hyperactive by physicians, parents, or teachers; some were not considered hyperactive; and others were randomly…

Relationships among the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC), the Lie Scale for Children (LSC), and sex were estimated from a pooled sample of 1,755 children in grades 1 to l0. Defensiveness and test anxiety showed equally strong sex differences; sex effects in test anxiety were not completely attributable to sex effects in defensiveness, but…

Caregivers' expectancies and behaviors in relationship to young handicapped children were investigated in this paper. Two studies were conducted in an attempt to answer three questions: (1) How will caregivers respond to the young handicapped child? (2) Do the child's stimulus characteristics, such as physical appearance, create biases in…

Empathy as a personality variable and as related to social behavior in young children has not been examined for its specificity with regard to various affect classes but has generally been treated as a global response to all affect classes. Three kinds of evidence relative to the specificity of empathic responses are analyzed: (1) correlations…

The determinants of interpersonal attraction were examined in 10 dyadic situations involving an actor's behavior toward a perceiver. For each situation, the intentionality of the actor's behavior was varied at three levels (intentional, nonintentional, no information), and the affective implications of the behavior for the actor were also varied…

Individuals interacting with an unfamiliar target person behave according to prior impressions of the target. A perceiver's pre-interaction expectancy can mediate both his and the target person's behavior, resulting in behavioral confirmation or compensation. Male subjects (N=96) participated in dyadic interactions in which one subject (perceiver)…

This study focuses on the motivational aspects of children's humor and describes the naturally occurring verbal humor of children without stimulus from adults. Kindergarten and elementary school children were observed during their lunch period at school while engaged in social interaction over 16 weeks. The study was designed to (1) record the…

This paper concerning the development of simulation materials for training correctional counselors in family counseling is oriented toward developing sequential counseling materials which will have positive consequences for the trainees' use. An offender family counseling training module is presented utilizing a series of transparencies depicting…

Few, if any, studies exist in which the helpfulness of particular responses in context have been evaluated by the involved clients or counselors due to the lack of an adequate method for obtaining evaluations of the impact of individual counselor responses. The development of Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) provides a research tool which allows…

Areas of morale, health, perceived income adequacy, stress, interaction with family and friends, and attitude toward life in retirement, were examined to determine the existence, degree, and direction of sex differences among widowed persons. Survey data from 161 widowed respondents from a study of 1100 adults aged 50 or older were analyzed.…

High social anxiety subjects switched from assuming greater personal responsibility for success than for failure to assuming greater responsibility for failure than for success when told that their attributions would be scrutinized by others. Low social anxiety individuals did just the opposite. Additional studies of response among high and low…

CONCEPT FORMATION--AS IT IS AFFECTED BY SUBJECTS (NORMAL AND RETARDED), PROBLEMS (SIMULTANEOUS, SUCCESSIVE, AND SIMILARITY-DIFFERENCE), RESPONSES (MANUAL AND VERBAL), REINFORCEMENT (100 PERCENT AND PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT), AND STIMULI--WAS INVESTIGATED. ELEVEN SEPARATE EXPERIMENTS ARE DESCRIBED. IT WAS FOUND THAT--(1) CONCEPT ATTAINMENT IS…

THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY THOSE PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS WHICH PRODUCE MAXIMUM LEARNING WITH SELF-TUTORING DEVICES. AIMS OF THE 2-YEAR PROJECT WERE (1) TO DEVELOP PROCEDURES FOR ANALYZING SUBJECT MATTER FOR CONVERTING IT INTO PROGRAMED LEARNING SEQUENCES, AND (2) TO CARRY OUT EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN SELECTED VARIATIONS OF PROGRAMED…

SOON IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO REDUCE TO A TECHNOLOGY THE CONSTRUCTION OF MATERIALS FOR THE PRINTED COMMUNICATION SKILL IN FIRST GRADE. THIS TECHNOLOGY REQUIRES A DATA BASE, A HUGE MATRIX OF S-R FUNCTIONS THAT PLOT THE EFFECT OF A STIMULUS-DIMENSION UPON A READING RESPONSE. A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF THE DATA BASE CAN BE PROVIDED BY REPLICATING…