Collaborative learning provides learners with significant opportunities to collaborate on solving problems and creating better products. There has been a growing utilization of adaptive and intelligent systems to support productive learning while promoting collaborative practices. One of the core capabilities of these adaptive and intelligent…

Like verbs, adjectives pose a challenge to the young word learner in that some -- like "red," "round," "rough," or "rectangular" -- map onto properties that are detectable through the senses, while others -- like "ready," "reasonable," or "required" -- express abstract…

Spatial memory comprises different representational systems that are sensitive to different environmental cues, like proximal landmarks or local boundaries. Here we examined how sleep affects the formation of a spatial representation integrating landmark-referenced and boundary-referenced representations. To this end, participants (n = 42) were…

Accurate metacognitive monitoring improves performance in a variety of naturalistic contexts. However, the laboratory contexts used to study metacognition differ from naturalistic environments in important ways. Specifically, laboratory experiments require learners to make repeated, overt judgments that are thought to reflect underlying…

Correct responding to questions regarding events that have occurred in the past are important for conversations and safety. Limited research has demonstrated techniques for teaching this skill to children who do not successfully tact past events. The current study demonstrates a probe-fading method for teaching children to correctly tact stimuli…

Studies have found that metacomprehension accuracy tends to be poor, but there has also been evidence that rereading a text may improve metacomprehension accuracy. One explanation for this rereading effect is that readers can attend more to the metacognitive level during rereading than the initial reading. However, prior experiments used paradigms…

The paper aims to develop training for teachers to perceive non-verbal cues in online classes. The training is prepared based on a mindmap suggesting alternative tools available in the online platforms to gauge non-verbal cues in online lectures. The findings indicate that after the training, teachers could perceive students' non-verbal cues…

Recent work in reinforcement learning has demonstrated a choice preference for an option that has a lower probability of reward (A) when paired with an alternative option that has a higher probability of reward (C), if A has been experienced more frequently than C (the frequency effect). This finding is critical as it is inconsistent with…

Educators and researchers are interested in ways that ChatGPT and other generative AI tools might move beyond the role of "cheatbot" and become part of the network of resources students use for writing. We studied how high school students used ChatGPT as a writing support while writing arguments about topics like school mascots. We…

Impairments in joint attention are considered core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are crucial for early assessment and intervention. However, existing information about visual attention during joint attention and its relation to developmental functioning is limited. The current study investigated the visual attention differences…

Researchers have increasingly utilized artificial intelligence to automatically analyze classroom dialogue, aiming to provide timely feedback to teachers due to its educational significance. However, traditional machine learning and deep learning models face challenges, such as limited performance and lack of generalizability, across various…

This article describes a comprehensive framework (iDISC) for the close reading of informational texts for elementary students that may need additional language, social, memory, or behavioral supports. The article introduces concrete tools that are used before, during, and after close reading, including cue-cards, language stems, discussion…

Prior research suggests most students do not glean valid cues from provided visuals, resulting in reduced metacomprehension accuracy. Across 4 experiments, we explored how the presence of instructional visuals affects students' metacomprehension accuracy and cue-use for different types of metacognitive judgments. Undergraduates read texts on…

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are often reactive on memory for cue-target pairs. This pattern, however, is moderated by relatedness, as related but not unrelated pairs often show a memorial benefit compared to a no-JOL control group. Based on Soderstrom et al.'s, "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition" 41,…

Many bilinguals switch languages in daily-life conversations. Although this usually happens within sentence context and with another speaker, most research on the cognitive mechanisms underlying the production of language switches has studied individual words. Here, we examined how context influences both switching frequency and the temporal cost…