The research concerned the association of neutral objects, such as nonsense syllables, with rewards, such as money and candy, in children. Thirty-six subjects were obtained from grades two through six of local public elementary schools in Nashville, Tennessee. Associations between neutral objects and rewards were formed in a task concerning…

Carefully designed questions for classroom discussions can guide students in making judgments and understanding the processes of logical thought. Effective questioning, however, depends on the teacher's awareness of the forms and classifications of inquiries. Any question is made up of two parts: the process stimulus (which indicates the process…

The papers in this document represent preliminary results of a study which is part of a 3-year project being conducted by the Educational Testing Service in cooperation with the New York City Board of Education, with support from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. This document is divided into seven sections: (1) Introduction, (2)…

One control group and eight experimental groups, each composed of 12 first grade children, participated in this experiment. It was designed to investigate the effects of frequency of reinforcement and repeated evaluation of stimuli on the conditioning of preferences. Each child participated in the experiment for seven consecutive school days. The…

The present paper discusses some linguistic correlates of early bilingualism, correlates which have implications for first cognitions about language. The paper also touches on the question of what linguistic environments are optimal for the very young child to acquire two languages fluently, testing the importance of a one-speaker/one-language…

Teachers of young children affect not only their ability to speak correctly but also the way they learn to think. Since children view the world in different ways depending on cultural heritage as well as individual perception, and since different experiences require differing ways of thinking and differing ways of expression, it is important for…

Focusing on writing as a complex process, this packet was prepared to assist teachers in planning daily writing activities which combine thinking processes, mechanical skills, and composition skills. Following an introduction which contains suggestions for ways teachers can help students to write, the first section of the publication provides…

Assessment techniques for young severely retarded children are analyzed through identification of skills underlying such common tasks as building with blocks, completing puzzles, and putting pegs in pegboards. Examples are given of four mathematics assessment tasks from a standardized instrument for reasoning and problem solving. Described are the…

This collection provides a number of perspectives on the central role that language plays in reading comprehension. Following an introduction by the editor, entitled "Attention and Individual Differences in Comprehension," the following papers are presented: (1) "The Line of Sight Approach," by Norman H. Mackworth; (2)…

Neuropsychological research on the effects of hemispherectomy-the excision of one of the cerebral hemispheres-in children and adults adds to knowledge about the division of labor between the left cerebral hemisphere, which specializes in language and verbal cognitive functions, and the right hemisphere, which specializes in nonlanguage functions.…

This presentation focuses on a theory of personality development, conceptual systems theory, as a possible resource for the counselor assisting clients in stress. It describes the results of a factor analysis of four measures of conceptual structure which suggested that the construct of conceptual complexity is different from the construct of…

This paper presents a discussion, based on current research, of what can be done to help children achieve the highest level of cognitive development (Piaget's formal operations). The four factors which Piaget found to be involved in cognitive development are discussed in relation to recent research. These factors include: (1) organic growth and…

Question-answer interactions were chosen as an effective means of investigating the effect of the linguistic environment on language development. Research was reviewed indicating that the improvement in question and answer performance of a maturing child is based on the advancement of both his linguistic and cognitive abilities and that the adult…

Theoretical and empirical studies of decision-making were reviewed to identify results applicable to training decision-makers. The review is organized in terms of the following component tasks: information gathering, data evaluation, problem structuring, hypothesis generation, hypothesis evaluation, preference specification, action selection, and…

While the earth's geography is well known, vast sections of the human landscape are considered to be unsurveyed by scientific explores; In this monograph the world of black America is studied. The boundaries and patterns of a black neighborhood in inner Philadelphia are charted, and its behavioral and environmental characteristics identified. Such…