Recently, serious questions have been raised about the efficacy of the traditional leadership model, which relies on rigid hierarchical structure, competition, and control. This paper presents findings of a study that investigated the leadership practices of rural and urban female superintendents in the United States. The study was two-fold: (1) a…

This book was written to serve the needs of persons who are interested in learning about leading, or who work within organizations and communities and wish to strengthen shared leadership. Each of the chapters of the book begins with a personal story or reflection designed to give meaning to the discussion that follows. Questions for reflection…

This working paper examines the meaning of leadership within the context of early childhood education, including the nuances of meaning clinging to the concept from other contexts. The paper begins with a discussion of the denotation of leadership as indicated in the "American Heritage Dictionary": (1) the position or office of a leader; (2)…

"Feedback to Managers" is a two-volume report. Volume 1 presents a simple but comprehensive process for evaluating instruments designed to compare self-views to the views of others on multiple domains of managerial behavior. Sixteen steps in evaluating a multiple-perspective feedback questionnaire intended for management development are…

The symbolic rather than the behavioral aspects of leadership are key factors. Research that indicates leaders make little difference to organizational effectiveness has paid too much attention to instrumental and behavioral aspects of leadership and not enough to symbolic and cultural aspects. Schools are not naturally rigid, as is thought, but…

Research in leadership relevant to school administrators is reviewed and summarized here. The author maintains that most previous authors identified two primary leader functions, concerns, types, or dimensions. These authors include Wortman, who, following in the footsteps of Zaleznick, saw a dichotomy between leaders and managers; Burns, who…

Technologically sound administrative control systems may have undesirable results if they are not properly utilized. Before adopting a control system, a manager should consider how well it fits his managerial style, the organizational climate of the organization, the personality of his subordinates, and the goals of the organization. (JG)

This article proposed a teacher evaluation system based upon the assumption that teachers are leaders, and that teaching style is leadership style. A number of teacher evaluation questionnaires were examined and were found to be asking questions identical in nature to the two leadership dimensions of Fleishman's Supervisory Behavior Description…

Article described a plan for stimulating students learning about political studies and developing their belief in the worth of playing an active role in the political processes that affect his life. (Author/RK)

Article considered the components necessary to build a successful management team and the role of the school principal in that development. (RK)

Job stress is an area of research in which the relationships among job stressors (characteristics of the workplace) and individual strains (responses of the individual worker) are explored. The uncertainty model of occupational stress proposes that the two uncertainties (of effort-to-performance or E-->P and performance-to-outcome or P--0>)…

Leadership and the need for middle-level administrators in colleges and universities to develop and hone their leadership skills in order to success are addressed. The nature of leadership is analyzed from the observation that most people aspire to influence, or, more directly, to power. A two-dimensional leadership grid is provided to help…

The need for further research was indicated by the results of a limited exploration of the concept that principal's communications with teachers mediate between the principal's leadership styles and the effectiveness of the organizations they head. Twenty-seven Kansas elementary principals of schools with student populations between 215 and 315…

Just as superiors influence subordinates, subordinates may influence superiors. This study scrutinizes the relationship between the techniques of influence used by subordinates and the way in which the subordinates view their superiors' leadership styles. Questionnaires were sent to 250 randomly selected administrators of hospitality education…

Perceived leadership styles of black college presidents at institutions in the southeast and southwest United States were studied. The Cole Leadership Style Questionnaire was administered to the presidents to determine their perceptions regarding their leadership styles, as well as information concerning their age, highest degree earned, and job…