Background: The role of virtual reality (VR) in education is increasing, which raises questions about VR learning in multi-user settings. While collaborative VR learning, characterised by shared goals and low division of labour, is well-researched, cooperative VR learning, which emphasises role differentiation and task interdependence, remains…

This study investigated changes in motivation, self-efficacy beliefs, and a range of emotions, including enjoyment, hope, pride, curiosity, anxiety, boredom, apathy, confusion, and shame, from a complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) perspective over a 2-year period in the Hungarian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. Using the same…

This longitudinal mixed-method study investigated effects of the reading-while-listening mode on the incidental learning of two dimensions of vocabulary knowledge, namely receptive knowledge and productive knowledge, in a Chinese EFL classroom context. Additionally, EFL learners' attitudes toward the reading-while-listening mode of incidental…

There is compelling empirical evidence suggesting that more authentic learning tasks improve second language learners' motivation and learning (Long, 1996; Van Lier, 2014). However, most research on this topic has focused on Germanic and Romance L2 languages, primarily in the context of speaking skills. Little is known about the effect of task…

The metaverse is defined as an inevitable evolution of the internet and holds great potential as a new medium for social interaction. Its integration into educational environments has been increasingly recommended. This study aimed to explore a technology-supported solution for the challenges experienced in the problem-based learning (PBL) process…

The abrupt and swift transition to online remote learning due to COVID-19 left numerous Indonesian universities in a state of disarray, owing to the challenge of adapting to remote teaching and learning with only some or minimal prior experience. This is because many universities in Indonesia are traditional institutions that typically conduct…

Transformative learning within Open Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) environments brings about profound changes in students' perspectives through critical reflection and self-directed learning. It allows students to challenge assumptions, embrace inclusivity, and integrate theory into practice. Transformative learning in nursing education in the…

Special education teacher training programs are increasingly addressing pedagogy for academic subjects, but little is known about how we are preparing teacher candidates to provide mathematics instruction and intervention to students with or at-risk for learning disabilities. The present study surveyed recent graduates (n = 48) on (1) types of…

This study investigates the effects of pre-task planning on English as a second language (ESL) learners' engagement in oral tasks in the face-to-face real-time communication (FTF) and synchronous video-based computer-mediated communication (SvCMC) modes. A total of 36 ESL learners performed two decision-making tasks (with versus without pre-task…

Higher education institutions have made significant strides in internationalization strategies as they have prioritized initiatives that promote student exposure to diverse cultures while enhancing their intercultural competencies (de Wit & Hunter, 2015). Study abroad programs have been highly valued as strategies that provide linguistic and…

This study examined the interrelationships between e-learning, academic self-efficacy (ASE), academic motivation (AM) and academic performance (AP) among English language learners as foreign language (EFL) students in 2024. Despite the growing use of e-learning in educational settings, there is a limited understanding of its relationships with…

This article examines the global transformation of undergraduate legal education through the analytical lens of transformative learning theory, with a particular focus on how practice-oriented reforms contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 (Quality Education) and 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Using China as a central…

This study explores students' perspectives on the integration of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Blended Learning (BL) in a collaborative course environment. By examining a cohort of undergraduate students across two interdisciplinary courses, the research aims to understand how these pedagogical approaches influence student collaboration,…

There is a great deal of variation in gains found between studies of second language (L2) incidental vocabulary learning, as well as many factors that affect learning. This meta-analysis investigated the effects of exposure to L2 meaning-focused input on incidental vocabulary learning with an aim to clarify the proportional gains that occur…

How do learners make sense of what they are learning? In this article, I present a new framework of sense-making based on research investigating the benefits and boundaries of generative learning activities (GLAs). The generative sense-making framework distinguishes among three primary sense-making modes--explaining, visualizing, and…