This guide for teachers considering using independent learning describes the Keller Plan and describes ways in which it has been adapted for use in a variety of school situations. A discussion of the Keller Plan and its original formulation is followed by six case studies written by teachers in schools and colleges describing their use of the…

Using analysis of variance and regression techniques, the authors analyzed the results of 40 studies that were conducted between 1953 and 1976 and contained 232 correlations between various measures of motivation and achievement. The motivation variables were restricted to students' achievement motivation, locus-of-control perceptions, and general…

Presented is a summary of the 1977-80 Project LEO studies, which focused on science teaching strategies and learning outcomes for disruptive elementary school children and on more refined application of the "student-structured learning in science" (SSLS) teacher behavioral pattern in secondary school science classrooms. Included within…

The question examined by this study was: Are the traditional reinforcers common to many planned programs of reinforcement in the classroom relevant and meaningful to the pupils themselves? Data is reported from a questionnaire administered to seven-year-old pupils, ten-year-old pupils, and their teachers. A discrepancy was found between reward…

To examine what motivates mature people to begin a full-time educational program, a study was made of students at the Institute of Continuing Education (Londonderry, Northern Ireland), which runs a one-year, full-time, academically intense program in liberal studies for mature students with or without formal educational qualifications. The study…

Motivational techniques and strategies that may be used by teachers to strengthen student performance and reinforce positive attitudes toward learning are discussed and analyzed. The topic is divided into eight major factors for consideration: (1) why human behavior occurs, what is motivation, the mythology of motivation and learning, and the time…

TO EXPLORE THE NATURE OF THE LEARNING PROCESS, THREE IMPORTANT PROBLEM AREAS WERE STUDIED. STUDIES IN THE FIRST AREA, ATTITUDINAL AND AFFECTIVE SKILLS, ARE CONCERNED WITH INDUCING A CHILD TO LEARN AND SUSTAINING HIS ATTENTION. STUDIES IN THE SECOND AREA, COGNITIVE SKILLS, SOUGHT TO DISCOVER WHETHER GENERAL IDEAS AND SKILLS CAN BE LEARNED IN SUCH A…

REINFORCEMENT CONCEPTS DERIVED LARGELY FROM RESEARCH OF SUBHUMAN SUBJECTS WERE TESTED FOR APPLICABILITY TO HUMAN-LEARNING SITUATIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE THAT OCCUR IN SCHOOLS. A SERIES OF EXPLORATORY STUDIES CONDUCTED IS DESCRIBED IN PART II OF THIS REPORT. IN PART III, TWO EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE REINFORCING VALUE OF DIFFERENT STIMULI…

THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN GROUPING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN FOR EFFECTIVE LEARNING. THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS SECTION HAS EXAMINED NUMEROUS RESEARCH STUDIES ON GROUPING. DISCUSSED ARE QUESTIONS CONCERNED WITH RELATIVE VALUES OF GROUPING CHILDREN ACCORDING TO NEED, SPECIAL ABILITIES, AND ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS. PREDICTIONS ON THE FUTURE OF…

TWO STUDIES ON LEARNING SET FORMATION IN CONTINUOUS, DISCOURSE-PROGRAMED MATERIAL WERE CONDUCTED. ONE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH 315 COLLEGE STUDENTS, THE OTHER WITH 141 SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS. THE MAJOR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WAS THE NUMBER OF PROGRAMED UNITS ADMINISTERED. THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES WERE PRE- AND POST-ACHIEVEMENT TEST SCORES AND ERROR…

ON THE BASIS OF SELECTED RESEARCH FINDINGS, A DISTINCTION BETWEEN RECREATIONAL AND INDIVIDUALIZED READING AND A PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING AN INDIVIDUALIZED READING PROGRAM ARE DISCUSSED. PLANS FOR FLEXIBLE GROUPINGS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS, SHARING ACTIVITIES, RECORD KEEPING, EVALUATING PROGRESS, AND INITIATING A PROGRAM ARE PRESENTED. REGULAR…

Some research and ideas about learning, which are of interest to elementary school counselors, deal with individual differences and classroom environment. Studies find girls markedly superior to boys in language skills, with boys better in analytic thinking and transfer of learning. However, no sex differences in intellect have been found. There…

This manual for classroom teachers is designed to teach the application of contingency contracting procedures in the typical instructional setting. A "contingency contract" is an agreement between teacher and student whereby the student, upon demonstration of specific task achievement, receives a reward: permission to participate in a "reinforcing…

Five experiments (conducted in 1968 on observing responses and vigilance, reward preferences, and learning strategies in concept formation) indicate that socioeconomic level (SEL) has an influence on intellectual and educational functioning of elementary school children. Expectation of reinforcement was tested in experiment 1, using 60…

This institute was planned to help teacher-trainers develop a philosophy of adult basic education; increase their understanding of the undereducated adult; understand and apply curriculum development process in adult basic education programs; and increase their knowledge and understanding of concepts and techniques related to recruitment, testing,…