This paper draws from several disciplines to provide a foundation for making progress toward a unified conception of thinking in science education. Areas covered include: (1) the philosophy of science (discussing contextual realism); (2) cognitive psychology (describing development of scientific thinking skills); and (3) artificial intelligence…

This paper addresses the characteristics and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) as a subsection of computer science, and briefly describes the most common types of AI programs: expert systems, natural language, and neural networks. Following a brief presentation of the historical background, the discussion turns to an explanation of how…

The study examined the relationship between perceptions of intellectual ability, competence at specific academic subjects, and feelings of global self-worth in 166 learning disabled (LD) adolescents (ages 12-18) attending a private school for LD students. It used the Self-Perception Profile for Learning Disabled Students developed by M. J. Renick…

A study to determine how three advanced technologies might be applied to the needs of special education students helped inspire the development of a new method for identifying such applications. This new method, named the "Hybrid Approach," combines features of the two traditional methods: technology-push and demand-pull. Technology-push…

This review of the relevant literature in the area of numerical facility attempts to clarify the construct of numerical facility and provide guidance for items tapping this ability. The review is presented in five parts. The first section introduces two approaches that can be used to investigate numerical facility, including factor analysis.…

As early as 1958, respected educators pointed out that: traditional methods (standardized IQ tests, teacher recommendations, parent questionnaires) did not identify minority/culturally diverse children; the concept of gifted needed to include creativity; and creativity could be a strength of minority children. During the late 1960's in response to…

While it can be inferred from the literature that intelligent women are often perceived differently than are intelligent men, it remains unclear which individuals are and are not threatened by intelligent men and/or women. To explore parameters affecting the perception of an intelligent other person as threatening, 202 college students were…

The relationship between cognitive activity, achievement, and the number of eye fixations used by a learner in viewing visuals was examined. Past research has shown a positive correlation between learning and number of eye fixations and indicated that both the stimulus materials themselves and the viewer's intelligence level may influence viewing…

To investigate the influence of handedness in the referral of elementary school students to a school psychologist, 120 left-handed referrals were matched with 120 right-handed referrals by sex, full-scale intelligence quotient, and chronological age. Comparison of the groups revealed that twins were more numerous among the left-handed students.…

A total of 135 high school students were tested to determine the relationship between IQ scores, frame length, and comprehension of material presented in a programmed instruction format. The students were divided into three groups according to IQ scores; students in each group were randomly assigned to receive a programmed lesson that had long,…

In Holland, it recently has been recognized that minority students are underrepresented in schools for learning disabled (LD) and are overrepresented in schools for the educable mentally retarded (EMR). In 1983, a study was begun in Rotterdam to determine why some students of Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan origin were placed in schools for the…

This study investigated forms of adult social cognition in the domains of justice judgment and ethical evaluation and their relationship to IQ scores and personal and vocational interests. Subjects were 150 adult members of the MENSA organization: 69 females and 81 males ranging in age from 18 to 83 years. Each subject completed a battery of…

Reports a study which concerned the consequences of intelligence testing for special education programs: the data allowed examination of some of the characteristics of students who had been placed in classes for the mentally retarded before and after desegregation of the public schools. (Author/JM)

Coping behavior was assessed for 74 children, at 2-1/2 years of age in an experimental barrier situation and at 7-1/2 years of age a novel play situation. Analyses indicate relationships between effective coping behaviors and other measures of child development in the preschool and early school-age periods. (SDH)