This essay shows that the adoption of intelligence tests by the schools was a complex development. Tests were adopted during the 1920s as part of the reform program fashioned by the network of applied psychologists and school people. While the network itself often viewed testing as a means to improve the schools and society, immigrants and blacks…

Civil liberties are rights enjoyed by individuals guaranteeing them protection from the arbitrary or discriminatory acts of government. Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of moral reasoning and studies of behavioral/abstract attitudinal measures provide a rationale for examining moral reasoning processes, intelligence, and selected…

This paper discusses the theoretical problem of matching and abstraction of concepts as the processes occur in human minds, and the structures used to represent these processes for use in automated, knowledge based systems. A basic premise of the paper is that hierarchies play a crucial role in structuring knowledge and in solving problems. Data…

Results of a study to analyze factors affecting critical reading are reported. The factors are readability of textual material, pupil intelligence, and motivation. Passages from U.S. history textbooks, a critical reading and literal comprehension test, and a standard measure of student motivation were administered to 207 senior high school…

This paper reports on the enigma of Casper Hauser (1812-1833), a child isolated from human contact for the first sixteen years of life. Upon his release (from incarceration in a cell), on the streets of Nurnberg, Germany in 1828, at the age of sixteen, he could barely walk, and could not talk. Although he appeared completely retarded, his senses…

BESIDES QUESTIONS ABOUT THE VALIDITY OF TESTS AS PREDICTORS, AN IMPORTANT ISSUE IS THEIR SOCIAL EFFECTS IN FOUR AREAS--(1) THE INFLUENCE OF TEST SCORES ON THE OPPORTUNITIES OPEN TO INDIVIDUALS, (2) THE INFLUENCE OF TEST SCORES ON THE KINDS OF ADVICE GIVEN IN SCHOOLS AND COUNSELING AGENCIES, (3) THE EFFECTS OF SUCH "OBJECTIVE" INFORMATION ON AN…

THE EFFECT OF FREQUENTLY USED ORAL LANGUAGE PATTERNS IN WRITTEN MATERIAL ON THE READING COMPREHENSION OF FOURTH GRADERS WAS EXAMINED. RUDDELL'S FREQUENCY PATTERNS WERE USED. TWO PASSAGES WERE CONSTRUCTED -- THE FIRST WITH 4 HIGH FREQUENCY PATTERNS (PASSAGE A) AND THE SECOND WITH 4 LOW FREQUENCY PATTERNS (PASSAGE B). FACTORS WITHIN THE PASSAGES…

FOLLOWING THE CONTENT OF THE ARMED FORCES EXAMINATIONS, THIS BOOK IS PROGRAMED WITH STEP-BY-STEP DIRECTIONS, TESTS, AND CORRECT ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS. THE CANDIDATE CAN SIMULATE TAKING THE ACTUAL EXAMS BY ANSWERING THE AUTHENTIC QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS, MARKING THE ANSWER SHEET, AND EVALUATING HIS OWN APTITUDE BY COMPARING HIS ANSWERS WITH THE…

RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT (1) COGNITIVE ABILITY, (2) AMOUNT AND KIND OF INFORMATION LEARNED TO DATE, AND (3) MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING OF CULTURALLY DEPRIVED CHILDREN. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO TEST THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENT AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS ON INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES.…

Today's student differs from his counterpart of the 1950's in character, aspiration, experience, and educational and family background. Generally more independent and mature, the students of the 1960's tend to involve themselves in any of 5 subcultures as a means of expressing their concern about a number of issues. The sorority or fraternity…

The principal concern of this study was to determine if there were significant relationships between selected factors of physical maturity and intelligence of seventh, eighth, and ninth grade boys and their ability to perform two common industrial arts woodworking tasks, sawing and hammering, using standard and modified tools. A sample of 72 boys…

In order to determine the comparability of the IQ estimates and subtest scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, both tests were adminstered in a four-cell counter-balanced design. Overlapping items were given only once. Subjects were 77 male and 51 female adolescents…

This study examined the effects of the need to achieve, as measured by a behavioral checklist, on reading achievement. Subjects were 96 students enrolled in a southwestern Mississippi school district; 32 students were randomly selected from each of the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. Each subject was then tested in reading achievement, IQ, and…

Investigated were the effects of using intelligence quotients, high school rank, College Entrance Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores in mathematics, and high school mathematics grades as predictors of success in finite mathematics. One hundred twenty-three students were included in the study. The SAT-Mathematics score was the best predictor…

The goal of the present project was to identify the types of knowledge necessary and useful for competent troubleshooting/debugging and to examine how new approaches to formal instruction might influence the attainment of competence by students. The research focused on the role of general strategies in troubleshooting/debugging, and how they might…