These four books are intended for use by individuals who need numeracy instruction as well as by those who help such individuals. Explanations are offered of how to do a large variety of calculations; different methods of getting the right answer are also provided. Book 1 focuses on numbers, how they are written, what they mean, how they are…

This document is part 2 of the workbook for kindergarten pupils in the Comprehensive Instructional Management System, a unified mathematics curriculum for kindergarten through grade 7. Each objective is developed by a variety of strategies, with mastery of objectives diagnosed through a testing component. The activities in the student workbook are…

Eight sixth-grade students received individualized instruction on the addition and subtraction of fractions in a one-to-one setting for 6 weeks. Instruction was specifically designed to build upon the student's prior knowledge of fraction ideas and to emphasize estimation. It was determined that all students possessed a rich store of prior…

This document reports on the initial phase of a project investigating how to relate formal mathematical representational and problem solving skills to informal strategies that children naturally invent to solve simple addition and subtraction problems. A program was developed that allows pupils to solve word problems on a microcomputer. A pilot…

Following instructions provided in the teacher's manual, the SCOPE Mathematics Achievement Test booklet for grade 2 presents 10 mathematical concepts. Testing items are: counting number of objects in a set to 100; using ordinals to the 31st; forming numerals correctly; writing number words to 10; identifying and naming the number of 10's and 1's…

This report presents a theory of eye movement that accounts for main features of the stochastic behavior of eye-fixation durations and direction of movement of saccades in the process of solving arithmetic exercises of addition and subtraction. The best-fitting distribution of fixation durations with a relatively simple theoretical justification…

This exploratory study investigates first-, second-, and third-grade children's performance on selected open addition and subtraction sentences presented in verbal and symbolic formats. For both the verbal and symbolic formats, three first-grade inventories and three upper-grade inventories were constructed. Sixteen children at each of the first-,…

This paper describes the research program of the Mathematics Work Group of the Wisconsin Research and Development Center for Individualized Schooling. The major interest is in the development of children's abilities to solve verbal addition and subtraction problems and particularly in the processes and strategies used by children. Three factors…

The term Chisanbop is the trademark for the finger calculation method originally developed by a Korean, Sung Jin Pai. It was refined and simplified by his son, Hang Young Pai, who introduced the technique to the United States in 1976. This annotated bibliography has been organized in five categories. Readings in the first category, Historical…

This study investigated the relationships between Piagetian logical reasoning abilities with an information processing capacity, and first-grade children's performance on verbal addition and subtraction problems. An analysis of simple arithmetic problems indicated that several reasoning abilities identified by Piaget are needed to achieve…

Research on the structures and processes involved in simple mental arithmetic is reviewed. Results suggest that mental arithmetic is a memory retrieval phenomenon, which develops with the experiences of elementary school and can be understood in general as retrieval from organized network representations. Simple mental addition with basic facts…

Forty-three first-grade children, who had received no formal instruction in addition and subtraction, were individually administered 20 problems that could be solved using addition or subtraction. The problems were selected to represent the following semantic types: joining, separating, part-part-whole, comparison, and equalizing. Responses were…

Limited systematic instruction was provided for two third-grade classes on a calculator-assisted approach to solving selected types of simple open addition and subtraction sentences involving three-place whole-number addends, moving from a Guess-and-Test procedure to more direct and efficient sentential transformations. Pupils exhibited a…

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of a child's performance in solving addition and subtraction problems using concrete embodiments compared to his performance using the symbolic mode. A random sample of 144 second grade children were tested. It was found that children proficient in regrouping addition and subtraction…

The Minnesota School Mathematics and Science Teaching (MINNEMAST) Project is characterized by its emphasis on the coordination of mathematics and science in the elementary school curriculum. Units are planned to provide children with activities in which they learn various concepts from both subject areas. Each subject is used to support and…