This textbook is designed as a first-year course at the undergraduate level. It is specifically aimed at students with no prior knowledge of Armenian, and emphasis has been placed on the numerous subtleties and nuances of Armenian which might seem strange or difficult to English speakers. In the text, stress has been put on explaining the grammar…

This paper examines three ways in which the Spanish imperfect and preterite are theoretically conceptualized and how such conceptions are realized practically in elementary Spanish textbooks. An attempt is made to present the three approaches as constituting a theoretical progression rather than viewing them as isolated treatments of the same…

Three groups of adult second language learners were administered written tests of their knowledge of the grammar, morphology, and/or phonology of the second language. The tests were designed to distinguish between recognition of correctness based on knowledge of rules and recognition based on intuitive familiarity with the language. In the first…

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE SELECTION OF A PEDAGOGICAL NORM FOR FRENCH INTERROGATIVE STRUCTURES. SINCE THIS AREA OF FRENCH GRAMMAR IS PARTICULARLY POLYMORPHOUS, OBJECTIVE CRITERIA ARE SET UP TO MAKE THE SELECTION--FREQUENCY, COMPLEXITY, AND EXTENSIVITY. BECAUSE "EST-CE QUE" CAN BE APPLIED WITHOUT EXCEPTION TO ALL TYPES OF KERNEL SENTENCES, IT WAS…

THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE THEORY THAT CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MESSAGES IS A CONTRAL TOPIC IN ALL SCIENCES DEALING WITH MAN. CONTENT ANALYSIS IS THE DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOURCE FROM THE NATURAL LANGUAGE UTTERANCES IT EMITS. ASSIGNING PROPERTIES TO WORDS AND THEN COUNTING THE APPEARANCES OF THE PROPERTIES IS INSUFFICIENT--THE CONTENT OF…

THE PURPOSES OF THIS EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED IN THE TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA PUBLIC SCHOOLS WERE (1) TO STUDY DIFFERENCES IN SENTENCE STRUCTURES AMONG STUDENTS VARYING IN CHRONOLOGICAL MATURITY AND MENTAL ABILITY WITHIN GRADES 4, 6, 8, 10, AND 12, AND (2) TO SEE IF AN INSTRUMENT COULD BE DEVISED TO EFFICIENTLY MEASURE SYNTACTIC MATURITY. THE INSTRUMENT…

On the basis of a study of the language of 22 black children in a rural county of northern Florida, the author states that apart from geographical dialects, there are two "genera" of English: Black (BE) and White (WE). Within each of these genera there are two varieties: Educated and Uneducated. These are further defined by…

Any theory of stylistics sets itself the task of accounting for choices made by a speaker/writer among theoretically available and more-or-less equivalent linguistic structures. This task is a stumbling-block in the way of most attempts to construct a theory of style because there is no consistent method of defining 'available structures' and…

There is a set of difficult Spanish grammar questions (ser-estar, preterite-imperfect, subjunctive-indicative, word order, and prepositions) in which the description of the semantic component is essential. Even though generative formulations treat them in differing ways, these questions possess the common characteristic of associating a form…

In the French verb phrase, negation is often marked twice, by a proclitic element (ne) and by a second negative (such as "pas" or "rien"). Until the seventeenth century, the first element was obligatory, while a second negative was optionally added for emphasis or precision. Subsequently, the second negatives lost their…

This selective bibliography lists 4 books and 11 journal articles dealing with Italian-English contrastive studies. The entries range in date from 1957 to 1973 with the majority published since 1965. The books cited are American or Italian publications and the articles appeared in well-known European or American pedagogical language journals. (TL)

This selective bibliography lists 14 books and 24 journal articles dealing with French-English contrastive studies. The entries range in date from 1954 to 1975 with the majority published since 1965. The books cited are mostly European or American publications and the articles appeared in well-known European or American pedagogical language…

This selective bibliography lists 4 books and 14 journal articles dealing with Portuguese-English contrastive studies. The entries range in date from 1948 to 1972 with the majority published since 1965. The books cited are Brazilian or European publications and the articles appeared in well-known Brazilian or American pedagogical language…

This selective bibliography list 9 books and articles and 8 theses dealing with Persian-English contrastive studies. The entries range in date from 1951 to 1971 with the majority published since 1965. The theses were prepared mostly in Persian or American universities, and the articles appeared in well-known American pedagogical language journals.…

This selective bibliography lists 10 books and articles dealing with Czech-English contrastive studies and 2 articles on general Slavic studies. The entries range in date from 1959 to 1972 with the majority published since 1965. The books cited are European or American publications, and the articles appeared in well-known European or American…