Guidelines for establishing behavior modification programs for smokers are discussed. The phases for dealing with this problem behavior are presented as: (1) identification of the specific behavior; (2) recognition of learned behavior and cues that stimulate the behavior; (3) establishment of positive reinforcement to strengthen new behavior,…

A token reinforcement program was used by the Piney Woods Research and Demonstration Center in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Children who were from economically deprived homes received tokens for positive behavior. The tokens were redeemable for recess privileges, ice cream, candy, and other such reinforcers. All tokens were spent on the day earned so…

In a 1964 investigation of the effects of age and memory on problem solving, using subjects from age three to age nineteen, it was found that the youngest and oldest subjects performed a three-choice probabilistic task significantly different from the "middle-age" children (7 to 9 years old). The three-choice task was an apparatus with a…

This book for teacher trainees and practicing teachers contains programmed lessons that are designed to explain the theory and techniques of classroo m behavior modification. The first part deals with basic principles of behavior modification and includes chapters on how behaviors are learned, why they are maintained, and how they can be…

This book contains a widely used method for structuring learning in a positive environment. The material is presented in a workshop format. Each unit should be read and worked on for one week; the teachers should then meet to exchange ideas. Unit 1 discusses behavior, and informs the reader that if he/she wants to influence a change in behavior,…

The subject of this bulletin is achieving better discipline through the use of contingency management. Part 1 discusses the basic beliefs of behaviorists and the basic principles of behaviorism. It states that all human beings do what they do in pursuit of some variety or combination of tangible reinforcers, social reinforcers, and intangible…

Two studies were conducted to clarify the role of different minimum performance standards for contingent tangible reinforcement or self-dispensed evaluative reinforcement (in the absence of tangible rewards) in determining the rate and accuracy of learning. Preschool children were presented with a discrimination learning task. Their performance…

Presented is an overview of the history and current methods and a review of some critical issues related to behavior modification. Behavior modification is defined, and examples of methods such as positive reinforcement, aversive control, and systematic desensitization are provided. Summarized are evaluations of the effectiveness of behavior…

Described is an Operant Conditioning-Token Economy Program, teaching patients to be responsible for their own behavior, to make choices, and to be motivated to change. The program was instigated with mentally ill patients in a state hospital and was later used with institutionalized mentally handicapped groups. After two years, only four of the…

This study investigated the effects of Expected Audience Response (EAR) and Perceived Audience Response (PAR) on speaker attitudes, tested the predictability of cognitive balance theory in a communication feedback setting, and provided a comprehensive review of the experimental literature on feedback. Speakers were given an expectation of the…

Twelve culturally disadvantaged 4-year-olds of borderline normal intelligence were subjects of this study. Its primary purpose was to test further the cognitive learning theory previously developed, as well as the reinforcement system, the facilities, and the experimental-longitudinal methods of research. The study did not include a control group…

Three types of extra stimulation in reading are discussed: extra teacher time devoted to teaching reading, extra student time devoted to practice in reading, and extra motivation and reinforcement leading to greater amounts of student reading outside the school. Problems are created (1) when teaching time spent on reading is increased in the…

Classroom management and what teachers can do to make it possible for children to behave better, which permits learning to occur, are the subjects of this handbook. The authors hypothesize that the first step toward better classroom management is a teacher's recognition that how children behave is largely determined by the teacher's behavior. When…

This investigation was concerned with the effects of negative evaluations by an adult on elementary school children's social interactions and performance. A two-component theory of evaluation called for experimental creation of evaluative comments which involved two degrees of strength of criticism and two degrees of helpful information provided…

A partial replication of an investigation of the effect of covert reinforcement on a perceptual estimation task is described. The study was extended to include an extinction phase. There were five treatment groups: covert reinforcement, neutral scene reinforcement, noncontingent covert reinforcement, and two control groups. Each subject estimated…