Scientific Method rather than trial and error methods should be used to search for instructional algorithms. The Scientific Method is discussed with implications for this purpose. Suggested is the inclusion of theoretical and technological foundations in formulating instructional theory. Conditions needed for adequate instructional research are:…

Forty adult overweight female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) two self-control instruction conditions; (2) an automatic immunization instruction group; and (3) a no treatment control group. In the self-control groups, treatment was presented as an aid to gaining self-control over behavior, while in the automatic…

The seventeen papers presented in this publication review various programs and issues in elementary school science. At least one paper is devoted to each of these programs: The United Kingdom program Science 5/13; The African Primary Science Program; The Tel Aviv Elementary Science Project; UNESCO Program in Junior Science Teaching; The Philippine…

Certain transitivity relationships formulated from reversible operations were examined. Thirty randomly selected fifth grade students received instructional episodes, developed for each identified behavioral objective and its inverse (on unspecified content), presented via the IBM 1500 Instructional Computer System. It was found that students who…

The 30 sixth and 30 ninth grade students, all of whom attended one rural school district in central Illinois, not only displayed a wider variety of behaviors than reported in the Inhelder and Piaget study (1958) investigating the development of logical thinking in children, but the behavioral components served to fill significant gaps in the…

The study of children's group formation employs Piaget's cognitive-development theory along with ethological concepts and methods used in the naturalistic study of the social behavior of animals. It represents the first application of ethological ideal to a study of the child's conception of his social world, and focuses on his conceptions of the…

Reading has been viewed both as a product and as a process. The product view of reading is generally associated with static information produced by testing techniques. A major difficulty with the product view seems to be that reading is treated as though it is stopped in time, captured in the static scores of tests. This feature of the product…

One of the implied characteristics of competency-based teacher education is the allegedly systematic nature of the program. Attempts have been made to place CBTE within some philosophical tradition. But CBTE is actually a theoretically based teaching strategy employing parts of teaching theory, primarily prescriptive, and learning theory,…

Two views of paired-associate learning were examined by assessing the paired-associate learning efficiency of eighth grade samples identified by digit span and IQ test performance as Jensen-type Level I and Level II learners. Eighty eighth grade students ranging in age from 13 years 3 months to 14 years 10 months were selected as subjects. Three…

A psychological experiment in which an ape manipulates colored linguistic symbols as a means of ostensibly learning a language suggests to the author that students, analogously, may be able to learn a foreign language by studying the use of linguistic elements in poems. Selected examples of Russian poetry illustrate the potential use of poetry in…

This inquiry began with the observation that learning from instruction is radically more efficient for obtaining information than learning by discovery. A series of seven experiments was conducted to determine some of the factors involved in learning from verbal instruction. The perspective adopted was that of communication theory, in which the…

The purpose of the study was to see if systematic instruction in terms of a multi-experience approach improved verbal problem solving ability, to determine what differences resulted when concrete experiences were not used, and to ascertain the effects of delayed recall on the two different methods. A sample of 15 groups of six fourth-grade…

The purpose was to determine (1) if there was a significant difference in the performance on five science-related Piaget type tasks by fifth graders who were currently involved in different elementary science programs, and (2) if the tasks formed a hierarchical sequence of difficulty for the students. Three groups of fifth graders were studied;…

Two studies attempted to determine whether a programed instruction booklet on a task in algebra would be more effective if the units in the program were presented in a sequence suggested by a hierarchical analysis of the task than if units were presented in a reverse or a random sequence. In the first study, a program was made up, based on the…

This collection of papers represents the proceedings of a research workshop on coding processes in human memory held in Massachusetts in August, 1971. The emphasis is on the contemporary issue of coding and particularly on the encoding processes at the time information is stored in memory. This volume is intended for use by research workers and…