Since children learn from play, play equipment should be structured to provide reinforcement of desirable behaviors. (RA)

A primary purpose of the token system is to expand the operant model in order to provide a broader reinforcement base. The ten procedural considerations necessary for implementing a token system are presented. Beyond this, fundamental knowledge of operant principles remains essential in order to apply the token system correctly. (Author/KJ)

Two fundamental behavior functions are associated with single-subject experimental research: the subject's orderly behavior actually occurring in the experiment of interest and the subject's average orderly behavior across all possible theoretical replications of the experiment of interest. General approaches in investigating both behavior…

A myth may have an empirical basis through chance occurrence; perhaps Aptitude Treatment Interactions (ATIs) are in this category. While ATIs have great utility in describing, planning, and implementing instruction, few disordinal interactions have been found. Article suggests narrowing of ATI research with replications and estimates of effect…

Suggests that the dialectic process of unifying opposing trends has contributed to the development of personality theories which focus on the interrelationship between cognitions and behaviors. (BD)

Focuses on the effects of unsignaled changes in reinforcement schedules on the level of responding in instrumental conditioning and, particularly, on the theoretical bases of the "elation" and "depression" effects associated with increases and decreases in the parameters of reinforcement. (Author/RK)

Discusses several problems with the introspective approach to communication theory, which takes evidence of interpersonal processes and translates this evidence into corresponding internal surrogates such as self concept, attitude, and mental maps. (SR)

Analysis results indicate that the influence of perfectionism on a measure of positive psychological outcome (e.g. life satisfaction) was fully mediated by stress. In contrast, the influence of perfectionism on measures of negative psychological outcome, such (e.g. mood and worry) were only partially mediated by stress. Findings were consistent…

Discusses Social Darwinism, the natural behavior of humans, and evolution using a question and answer format. (ASK)

This commentary recommends that financial counseling and planning research, education, and practice be framed as an interdisciplinary profession called personal finance. Authors summarize the history of the profession and key theories providing the conceptual foundation. In order for the emerging profession of personal finance to achieve…