Reviews factors influencing reversals of expectations for language-learning outcomes. This article touches on psychological and neurological data regarding individual differences in language-learning mechanisms and focuses on cross-linguistic psycholinguistic analysis that indicates that different target languages offer a wide variety of learning…

This paper describes the classroom environments of two elementary teachers who are committed to guiding students to become accepting, self-directed, self-confident, cooperative, and caring individuals. Their interactions with students have created a nurturing, cooperative environment that has guidelines based on mutual respect, trust, and caring.…

This article describes structured collaborative learning activities used in two graduate-level classes. Student and instructor perspectives on the activities are explored. Four perspectives emerged: (1) student expectations; (2) instructor tolerance for ambiguity and flexibility; (3) student reliance on authority; and (4) evaluation of student…

Self-recording of success in meeting specific teacher expectancies during their school schedules by four middle school students with learning disabilities or behavioral disorders was found effective in increasing the percentage of teachers' expectancies exhibited. Maintenance was evidenced across students. Carrying schedules without self-recording…

An extensive questionnaire was given to students at a Canadian regional high school serving urban and rural students, who responded to questions about their occupational aspirations and expectations, their values, the obstacles that might prevent them from realizing their aspirations, and the people who supported their aspirations. The results are…

Study explored leadership, cohesion, and demographic variables in relation to team norms about cheating and aggression. Surveys of high school and college ball players indicated that older age, higher year in school, and more years playing ball correlated positively with expectations of peer cheating and aggression. (SM)

Examined teacher interactions with their sixth-grade students. Thirty-two "silent" students were identified and interviewed. Found that silent students were not significantly different from other students with respect to gender, race, or achievement but used silence to avoid risk and to control the classroom environment. (ET)

Argues that some students show a discrepancy between their intellectual ability and their achievement aspirations--a yearning disability (YD). Uses a case study to elaborate counseling strategies for working with these students. Claims that YD is pervasive and that counselors should acquaint themselves with its presenting features. (RJM)

Examines sociocultural and economic obstacles to basic education for Malawi girls, drawing on observations of 80 rural students in grades 5 and 8, and on interviews with students, parents, and teachers about girls' participation in education, intelligence, and academic performance, and reasons for high female dropout rates. (SV)

Two Hispanic-American first grade girls were studied for one year by naturalistic and qualitative methods. The child for whom the teacher had low expectations did very well at reading, whereas the child of whom more was expected did less well. Why this occurred is discussed. (SLD)

Discusses the application of moral orientations of justice and care in the context of classroom cheating incident. Explores the everyday moral choices inherent in teaching. Defines teaching as a relational activity concerned fundamentally with morality. (DK)

Creation of a college classroom environment that is genuinely culturally inclusive requires leadership of faculty willing to make major changes in an entrenched, traditional academic culture, including a teaching approach combining personal caring with high expectations, incorporation of new knowledge into the curriculum, and authentic response to…

Twenty mothers of adolescents with severe retardation who were completing high school were compared to 20 mothers with nondisabled adolescents. Few differences were found between the two groups regarding their residential, vocational/educational, and social expectations for three hypothetical students: an academically and socially proficient…

Study described how rules, routines, and expectations for students entering high school physical education programs were established, noting disciplinary action and teachers' perceptions of discipline. Surveys, interviews, and observations indicated teachers did not perceive major classroom discipline problems, and they saw rules, regulations, and…

This literature review examines the ways in which children's personal premise systems concerning the nature of relationships develop through the process of attachment to the caregiver. The manner in which the premise system becomes a generalized model of self and others is considered. (Author/GLR)