This compilation of papers, presented at the 1974 Summer Workshop in Guidance and Counseling at the University of Wisconsin, Madison represents a variety of approaches related to individual counseling and supporting strategies. Farwell provides a rationale for the primacy of the individual counseling function within the total counseling and…

This paper briefly summarizes the literature relating to the counseling practicum experience, as well as reviews the development and basic principles of Gestalt therapy. A marriage between the Gestalt therapy approach and the counseling practicum is developed as follows: "Experiential learning, the here-and-now, I-and-thou, and integrating…

This paper describes the current status of a helping skills program designed to train mental health paraprofessionals in relationship-building skills. Six skills were identified as the basis of the training program: (1) understanding the need to be a helper; (2) using effective nonverbal behavior; (3) using effective verbal behavior; (4) using…

The purpose of this study was to determine differences, if any, in the counseling relationships established by white female counselors counseling black students as compared with black female counselors counseling black students. The Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and California Test of Basic Skills were…

Concerned about increasing academic achievement and reducing dropout rates, particularly among disadvantaged students, researchers have sought to apply human relations training to teachers in efforts to change the interpersonal aspects of the teaching-learning situation. This paper reviews six years of such work by two educational researchers…

This report examines inhibition in help-seeking for male subjects. Using a male and female experimenter, the study examined the following five variables: (1) sex of helper; (2) sex role appropriateness of task; (3) anticipated future audience interaction; (4) sex role ideology of subject; and (5) self esteem of subject. The report concluded that,…

Immediately before and after taking a course on the physician-patient relationship, 102 sophomore medical students were measured on their preference for using understanding responses in a hypothetical patient interaction simulated by on objective test. Sixteen of these students were also rated on their use of understanding responses in an actual…

A descriptive model was developed of the dimensions of possible counseling interventions. The three dimensions are the target of intervention, purpose of interventions, and type or method of intervention. The target of the intervention refers to the possibility of interviewing with the individual, his primary or associational groups, or the…

A criterion system based on client perspective was developed to appraise the effects of counseling. There were four subject samples: (1) 142 clients seen for individual counseling during 1967-68; (2) 42 clients counseled during 1969-70; (3) 17 clients seen for group counseling; and (4) 60 respondents to a letter asking for volunteers. The…

Social schemas were defined as cognitive structures associating positions on different dimensions of interpersonal situations, such as liking, power, helping, similarity, status, communication, and influence. Social schemas were measured by first presenting social situations by verbal and pictorial means which clearly illustrated one position on…

This paper offers a humorous parody of the way in which evaluation teams often enter clinical institutions to do program evaluation studies. The parody emphasizes the over-use of sophisticated techniques and methodologies; as well as expensive equipment. The authors then define evaluation as "determining the degree to which a program is meeting…

Three studies of behavior therapy by a therapist who was also the clients' instructor are reported. All of the clients defined target behaviors, collected data, and implemented procedures to modify the behaviors. The data were brought to each session for analysis and revision each week. Case 1 reported modification of stealing behavior, where both…

This study attempts to demonstrate factors governing reciprocity of helping behavior in nursery school children. A time sampling method with a pre-set 10 category system was used to record the psychological and task helping behavior of 19 preschool children (mean age 5 1/2 years) over a 2-month period. Each child also completed a sociometric…

This article focuses on the role of the counselor in helping others through advocacy. The author develops a theory of advocacy in relation to the work of the counselor. Then he presents some practical ways the theory might be implemented. Speech presented at the Convention of the International Association of Pupil Personnel Workers, Charleston,…

Three strategies for evaluating training programs for paraprofessional human service workers are offered. The first concerns the assessment of the differential usefulness of selection versus training of helpers. The second focuses on factors producing effective training. The final strategy entails an evaluation of the impact of systematically…