Traditional IRT and IRTree models are not appropriate for analyzing the item that simultaneously consists of multiple-choice (MC) task and constructed-response (CR) task in one item. To address this issue, this study proposed an item response tree model (called as IRTree-MR) to accommodate items that contain different response types at different…

Multiple-choice items are universally used in formal education. Since they should assess learning, not test-wiseness or guesswork, they must be constructed following the highest possible standards. Hundreds of item-writing guides have provided guidelines to help test developers adopt appropriate strategies to define the distribution and sequence…

The presentation of survey requests represents an easily modifiable feature of survey communications that can in some contexts affect response propensities. Here, we examine how two features: the framing of the participation request (informed by prospect theory) and the inclusion of targeted appeals based on demographic background (age or…

We assessed whether novel praise statements could be used to (a) maintain and increase responses with existing reinforcement histories and (b) teach a previously untaught response among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder across two experiments. During response-stimulus pairing, two responses resulted in preferred edibles but only one…

From an operant perspective, verbal behavior is multiply controlled by different sources of stimulation, including self-stimulation. Self-stimulation (i.e., responding with respect to one's own response products) is thought to be especially important for verbal mediation that temporally extends discriminative stimulus control. While previous…

In the current study, eight college students were exposed to a successive matching-to-sample (S-MTS) procedure utilizing non-verbal auditory stimuli consisting of common sounds. During emergent relations tests, participants were asked to talk aloud, and their vocal-verbal statements were transcribed and categorized as class-consistent,…

When forensic interviewers reject children's "Don't know" responses, either by repeating questions or pressuring the children to provide different responses, children may change their subsequent responses. The primary objective of the current study was to examine interviewer reactions following preschool-aged alleged abuse victims'…

Both achievement goals and achievement emotions have empirically been found to be important within educational contexts. This meta-analysis examined the interrelations among six achievement goals and fifteen achievement emotions and various moderators by analyzing 2,644 effect sizes from 355 studies with 155,208 participants. The findings revealed…

This study explores how graphic novel adaptations of Jewish texts, read by Modern Orthodox young women, allow students to engage with "tzniut" (modest dress) and the balance between tradition and contemporary American life. Fifteen adolescents participated in the study, discussing "tzniut" during and after reading three…

This study investigated outcome-selective Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) in fight-or-flight decision making. Participants learned to attack or retreat from monsters (instrumental phase) and to associate environments with specific monsters without responding (Pavlovian phase). In the transfer phase, they chose responses to unseen monsters…

This paper arose from the authors' experience of facilitating collective reflection on higher education teaching using the 'intercultural teaching process recall' (iTPR) method. Facilitators' contributions to the iTPR sessions were analysed empirically. There was considerable variation between facilitators, sessions and rounds. Individual…

Item parameter estimation using an item response theory (IRT) model with fixed ability estimates is useful in equating with small samples on anchor items. The current study explores the impact of three ability estimation methods (weighted likelihood estimation [WLE], maximum a posteriori [MAP], and posterior ability distribution estimation [PST])…

We investigated the role of distinct inhibitory processes as 4- to 6-year-olds from the Northeastern United States (N = 48, M[subscript age] = 68.27 months, 22 boys, 26 girls; 63% White, 6% Black, 4% Asian, 2% Hispanic, 8% more than one race, with 17% not reporting) and adults evaluated accurate or deceptive information from human or non-human…

Job and practice analysis is a commonly used method for determining examination content specifications. However, difficulties arise when many domains are present, as mainstream approaches do not fully adhere to the essence of the weighing process, namely a "comparison-evaluation-decision" framework for assigning percentage values to the…

This is the second article in a series of three in this special issue on establishing a boundary object to foster network health and development. The first article laid out the theoretical rationale for an Improvement Network Health and Development Framework. This article details the efforts to develop a set of practical measures tied to this…