Describes a method for determining the effects of sex (or any other dichotomous characteristic) from the individual correlated behavioral responses observed in dyadic interactional situations. (Author/MP)

The sociological theory that men are instrument or task specialists and that women are expressive or social specialists has been weakened by research on small groups, families and personality. This paper suggests that sex differences in task-oriented situations may be explained by status processes, men having higher status than women. (Author/JM)

The degree of equality or equity in reward allocations made by men and women is explored in three studies. (Editor)

Differential responding for males and females on individual items from the Adult Self Expression Scale was investigated using four samples. Men report themselves as more assertive in dealing with bosses and supervisors. Women report themselves as more assertive in expressing love, affection, compliments, and anger to one's parents. (Author)

Female subjects (N=22) in two consciousness-raising groups were objectively assessed to determine whether changes relating to self-reported profeminist attitudes and behaviors and relating to self-esteem and social desirability would occur. All experimental subjects significantly shifted toward more self-reported profeminist attitudes and…

Two studies were performed comparing the effectiveness of fixed-ratio (FR) and variable-ratio (VR) schedules of punishment during application and extinction. Subjects were two young children. Both studies found significant positive "side effects" of punishment in terms of increased play and social behavior as well as increased performance of…

Investigated the social interactions of 18 Taiwanese infants and toddlers with a baby in a group setting. Compared videotaped responses and other mediating issues with those of American children in a similar scenario. Found that Taiwanese toddlers demonstrated significantly more interactions toward the baby than did American toddlers. Children…

Presents a rationale for designing an authentic arts-based curriculum (AABC) that will facilitate the scholastic achievement of second-language learners. The article offers proposals for the implementation of such a curriculum, discusses the design of AABC positioned within a Vygotskian framework of learning, and synthesizes applicable findings…

Examines research that measured the effects of early child day care and how adverse findings affect the public-debate about how to provide care for U.S. children. Areas addressed include day care's effect on the mother/child relationship; its effects on child cognitive development and social development; and who is ultimately responsible for day…

Describes chaos theory in light of its original principles derived from the physical sciences and in terms of scholarly attempts to apply those precepts to educational administration. When transposed to management models, the theory loses its mathematical and empirical underpinnings. Since researchers cannot verify whether the theory applies to…

Illustrates how teachers and librarians can use competitive activities to motivate children to read and to encourage personal achievement and group cooperation. Discusses computer games and the group-oriented bees, bowls, circles and quiz contests. Notes the benefits in terms of social interaction, communication, resource-center use, and…

Explored the simultaneous sequential transition patterns of preschoolers' social play within classroom settings. Found that the proportion of social-play states did not vary during play episodes even when accounting for type of activity center, gender, and SES. Found a reciprocal relationship between parallel-aware and other social-play states…

Examined relation of maternal monitoring and play rules to sixth graders' friendship quality, social behavior, and depression. Found that monitoring was not related to supervision, peer, or restriction play rules. Girls with more monitoring had friendships with less conflict and higher positive qualities. Supervision rules related to boys'…

Notes that the middle school years can be difficult for young adolescents as they face new and challenging developmental tasks. Provides a brief overview of Robert Havighurst's developmental theory. Proposes developmental tasks specifically for ten- to fifteen-year-olds in increasingly diverse schools and society. (PM)