Examined the problem-solving performances of novices (11 undergraduates) and experts (9 graduate students and instructors), comparing them in terms of background expertise and problem-solving success. Also examined problem-solving behaviors reported in other domains and determined whether or not genetics is a fruitful area for problem-solving…

This study compared two approximations for normalizing noncentral F distributions: one based on the square root of the chi-square distribution (SRA), the other derived from a cube root of the chi-square distribution (CRA). The CRA was superior, and generally provided an excellent approximation for noncentral F. (Author/BW)

A sampling subspace in hypothesis testing where Type II error is made for completely illogical reasons from the standpoint of probability is described. The case of unequal probabilities of populations or conditions is also considered. (Author/BS)

In this paper seventh-grade pupils' ways of handling aspects of probability have been investigated. The aspects in question were embedded in a dice game, based on the total of two dice. Four different set-ups of dice were included in the situation in which they were up to explore optimal strategies for winning the game. How children understand…

This study was designed to derive the distribution of a test statistic based on normal probability plots. The first purpose was to provide an empirical derivation of the critical values for the Line Test (LT) with an extensive computer simulation. The goal was to develop a test that is sensitive to a wide range of alternative distributions,…

Classical test theory is based on the concept of a true score for each examinee, defined as the expected or average score across an infinite number of repeated parallel tests. In most cases, there is only a score from a single administration of the test in question. The difference between this single observed score and the underlying true score is…

The three-parameter logistic model by Birnbaum for the multiple-choice item in the latent trait theory is considered with respect to the item response information function and the unique maximum condition. (Editor/RK)

A probabilistic unfolding model is presented which makes it possible to scale stimuli and subjects simultaneously, without assumptions concerning the distribution of subject or of stimuli. The applicability of the model is demonstrated in areas of attitude measurement where the assumption of normality is inadequate. (Editor)

This paper presents a procedure for estimating J scale (latent continuum) probabilities given a set of I scales (preference judgements). (Editor/RK)

An analysis is made of the probabilities for winning at the game of Keno, with a computer program provided that will determine expectations. (DT)

Although a great deal of attention has been devoted over a period of years to the estimation of reliability from item statistics, there are still gaps in the mathematical derivation of the Kuder-Richardson results. The main purpose of this paper is to fill some of these gaps, using language consistent with modern probability theory. (Author)

Purpose of the present research was to determine whether certain Pavlovian conditioning phenomena occur in a simple probability learning situation. (Authors)

Applies set theory to the mono- and dihybrid Mendelian genetic crosses, multiple allelism, sex linkage, and linkage to show the application of mathematics to biology teaching (and of biology examples to mathematics instruction). (AL)