In this investigation, the reading performance of Texas Grade 4 Emergent Bilingual and non-Emergent Bilingual students was compared by their enrollment in Title I, Part A schools. Data were obtained from the Texas Education Agency Public Education Information Management System for all Grade 4 Emergent Bilingual and non-Emergent Bilingual students…

This article explores the relation between curiosity and interest by examining how in-the-moment experiences of curiosity and of interest emerge out of exploratory behavior observed in infancy and early childhood. As experiential states, there is little to distinguish curiosity and interest. Descriptions of developing interests that refer to…

The purpose of this article is to describe the results from an investigation of the development of students' attitudes and behaviours conducive to self-directed learning (SDL) in problem-based learning. The article reports the results from an application of a newly validated statistical instrument to measure self-directed learning on bachelor…

Research over the past 20 years has suggested that our intuitive sense of number--the Approximate Number System (ANS)--is associated with individual differences in symbolic math performance. The mechanism supporting this relationship, however, remains unknown. Here, we test whether the ANS contributes to how well adult observers judge the…

There is often a large time gap between caregivers' initial concerns and the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. The current study aimed to identify factors associated with missed or delayed autism spectrum disorder diagnoses among children in Colorado. In a surveillance-based sample of 8-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (N=572),…

The aim of the study was to determine the motivations of pre-service teachers to use Instagram program, which is one of the common social media tools, in the context of developments in information and communication technologies in order to achieve sustainable learning and examine them according to various variables. The study was designed via…

Multifinality, equifinality, and fanning are important developmental concepts that emphasize understanding interindividual variability in trajectories over time. However, each concept implies that there are points in a developmental window where interindividual variability is more limited. We illustrate the multifinality concept under…

Humans tend to avoid cognitive effort. Whereas evidence of this abounds in adults, little is known about its emergence and development in childhood. The few existing studies in children use different experimental paradigms and report contradictory developmental patterns. We examined effort-related decision-making in a sample of 79 five- to…

There is a need to better understand note-taking in lectures. Specifically, how in-class and after-class note-taking strategies are used, whether the use of in-class and after-class note-taking strategies varies by gender, year of study and field of major/discipline and to explore the connection between the use of in-class note-taking strategies…

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning postulates learning information in a dual-modality design is more effective than in a single modality, which is known as the modality effect. Research has found that the modality effect supports problem-solving learning, but not retention-based learning. This divergence in findings can be explained by…

Purpose: Ecological and natural resource management (NRM) decisions have far-reaching implications for global ecological change. Because beliefs influence behaviors, it is vital that decision-makers' beliefs reflect the shift to include humans as an integrated component of ecosystems. Our study, grounded in socio-cultural theory, analyzed how…

The purpose of the study was to determine pre-service accounting teachers' perceptions of the confidence and motivation in doing mathematics in Bachelor of Education Accounting courses at a higher education institution, with the aim of informing higher education heutagogy as it relates to teaching and learning in accounting. This study included a…

Whether or not styles are malleable is one of the major controversial issues in the field of intellectual styles. Taking thinking styles (one of the intellectual style constructs) as the theoretical basis, the present study aimed at clarifying the issue by examining the change of thinking styles over one year from multiple perspectives. Seven…

This article explores the relationship between low- and high-level aspects of reading by studying the interplay between word processing, as measured with eye tracking, and narrative absorption and liking, as measured with questionnaires. Specifically, we focused on how individual differences in sensitivity to lexical word characteristics--measured…

This study examined whether executive functions impact how flexibly children represent task context in performing repeated sequential actions. Japanese children in Experiments 1 (N = 52; 3-6 years) and 2 (N = 50, 4-6 years) performed sequential actions repeatedly; one group received reminders. Experiment 1 indicated that reminders promote flexible…