The ways in which values are learned in youth sport activities are discussed and the development of positive attitudes and behaviors are examined. Values are learned through modeling or imitating behavior. Three types of reinforcement can furnish incentives to achieve desired behaviors. (JN)

Discussed are several books suitable for use with elementary school students to help them conduct their own studies of animals, especially in regard to the way they communicate. (KC)

Discusses methods for encouraging advanced language students to learn on their own. Successful learning results from the high stimulation and continuous activity of conscious and unconscious observation. If the learner is enabled to observe consciously outside the classroom, he will do it unconsciously and learning will be constant. (PJM)

Examines the nature of the cognitive coding processes operating both during and following exposure to modeled behavior and the contributions of these processes to recall of the behavior in four- and seven-year-old children. (Author/MP)

Assessed the differential effects of single v multiple adult models on second- and third-grade children's expression of preferences when the modeled preferences are either consistent or divergent. (CM)

Cites studies showing that impulsive children can perform more reflectively with respect to response time and/or accuracy if exposed to reflective models, self-verbalization strategies, increased concern over performance accuracy, and training in attention deployment, delay of response and visual discrimination. (BF/JH)

Explores the question of how generous or altruistic behavior can be encouraged in the elementary school classroom. Cities social learning theory and research which demonstrates the importance of providing models of generous behavior. (BF/JH)

A total of 122 children participated in 2 experiments that examined the utility of symbolic modeling stimuli in modifying sex role stereotypes. Brief presentations of illustrated stories involving egalitarian sex role models reduced stereotypic thinking. (SB)

Notes that observational learning of a motor skill involves both observation of the model and self-observation. Examines observation of the modeled performance, including three moderators of observational learning: the properties of the model, the nature of the task, and observer determinants. Observer determinants are examined at length,…

A study found that 4 boys (age 11) with mild disabilities were able to acquire the behaviors for instructive feedback stimuli when the stimuli were presented after trials on any of a set of target behaviors and could acquire instructive feedback behaviors during acquisition of or mastery of target behaviors. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)

Primary-aged students (N=5) with moderate mental retardation were taught to read environmental sight words and assessed for observational cross-learning of other students' words. Results indicate that the constant time delay method was effective in teaching sight words to four students and all students acquired some information targeted for other…

Investigated the effectiveness of cognitive and exemplary modeling on 64 college women who failed a water-level task. The model's demonstration was followed with near maximal gains in the correct solution of the water-line problems and in the production of correct justifications. (RJC)

In one condition, infants were presented with tongue protrusions and mouth openings modeled by an adult. In another condition, these gestures were simulated by objects. Infants in the first condition reproduced the gestures at significant levels, but infants in the second condition did not. Findings indicate that imitation is a social response.…

Eight students (ages 9-12) with mild mental retardation were instructed in sight-word reading in 2 small groups. Results showed that the time delay procedure was effective, that students learned other students' words through observation, and that students learned some incidental information. (Author/JDD)

Describes an approach to faculty development that relies on faculty learning from one another through peer observation. Rather than equating such observation with evaluating a colleague's performance, faculty observers are urged to approach the assignment as "students of teaching." (DB)