This paper presents a survey of attitudes held by elementary educators concerning counseling in the elementary schools. A questionnaire was completed by 200 elementary educators in five Wisconsin cities. Participants ranged from special instructors, through kindergarten, primary, and intermediate grade teachers, and principals. Some 94% believed…

General extrinsic and intrinsic forces pressing for change in schools are examined, and specific attention is paid to five problem areas that illustrate the complexity of issues facing those who wish to study or facilitate educational change. Extrinsic pressure arises from ongoing societal change in the face of a dichotomy between educational…

New York's library system, which helps to attract desirable information related industries, is endangered by inflation and budget stringency. Library costs have increased more rapidly than the general price level. Technological improvements, cost-saving in the long run, require initial capital outlays. The growth of book collections must keep pace…

Whether a participatory process for resource allocation in a public community college setting occurs depends upon several key factors: (1) the leadership style of the institutional chief executive officer; (2) the administrative organizational structure of the institution; (3) the relationship which exists between and among members of the various…

In order to better understand this paper, it is important to consider the process and context in which it was prepared. The paper was written and presented at the Austin conference and reflects the author's efforts as a participant-conceptualizer who spent a good deal of time visiting and listening to as many task groups as possible. He dropped…

Three sets of hypotheses served to delineate the focus of this study: (1) the more open the organization climate of the high school, the less custodial the pupil control orientation of the school, (2) the more custodial the pupil control orientation of the school, the greater the total alienation of the students, and (3) the more open the…

The "culturally disadvantaged" are men and women over 16, regardless of race, who live outside the mainstream of American life in urban ghettos and isolated rural areas. They are functionally illiterate people. The time for crash programs to employ these people has passed; the total involvement approach is necessary. These employment guidelines…

Predictions and forecasts are the most critical features of rational planning as well as the most vulnerable to inaccuracy. Because plans are only as good as their forecasts, current planning procedures could be improved by greater forecasting accuracy. Economic factors explain and predict more than any other set of factors, making economic…

To investigate the leader behavior characteristics of elementary school principals and to examine these characteristics as they relate to organizational climate, 35 randomly selected southern California schools with approximately 715 teachers and principals were studied. The data on organizational climate were collected by means of the…

Many modern buildings become uncomfortably warm during sunny spells in the summer, and until recently there was no simple, reliable method of assessing at the design stage whether a building would become overheated. This paper describes a method of calculating summertime temperatures which was developed at the Building Research Station, and gives…

Modified and controlled relative humidity in buildings for certain occupancies is discussed. New criteria are used in determining the needs, desirability and problems associated with humidities in a building. Severe winter climate requires that special attention be given to the problems associated with increased indoor humidities during cold…

This paper uses two communication models, Goffman's theatrical model and Harris' psychological model, to illustrate the communication process as it occurs in curriculum projects and to analyze the processes by which people influence each other--decision making and nondecision making. It is suggested that viewing such projects from diverse…

Most buildings rely on electricity for lighting, power, signals, and other communications. Electric energy is also used for heating and year-round thermal conditioning of spaces. Its ease of transmission, simple control and measurement, and relative safety make it a useful source of energy. This publication is intended to provide those persons…

In this article, new arguments and empirical evidence are presented justifying the use of Standardized R - analysis (or equivalently Q - technique) in certain types of factor-analytic studies. The standardized R - analysis analyses the intercorrelations among respondents based on their "ipsative" scores, as opposed to the unstandardized…

Differential perceptions of standard, established jobs in a stable organization (telephone company plant department) were obtained for sixteen jobs rated by job incumbents, peers, and supervisors on eight characteristics (variety, autonomy, task identity, feedback, friendship opportunities, dealing with others, prestige compared to craft jobs, and…