Five studies are reported which examine the free vs. earned reward phenomenon in humans. The 420 subjects were distributed over all grade levels from preschool through college. Candies and coins were used as rewards. In preschool through sixth grade groups, black, as well as white subjects and experimenters were used. The California Psychological…

The nature of persons and studying persons present many problems. This paper attempts to place the problems in perspective, not only in terms of the past, but also in terms of the future. Insightful contributions of Freud, Adler, and Jung are presented in brief overview. Some of their antecedents are mentioned. A future perspective ? is alluded…

Two experiments are reported in which a cognitive (attributional) model of achievement motivation is applied to two achievement-related behaviors, persistence and selection of intermediate-risk tasks. Results of Experiment I indicated that S's perceived effort expenditure was related to persistence for high achievers. In Experiment II, high…

This 25-item scale for rating prekindergarten children concerns personal and cognitive skills. Directions for using the scale are provided. Personal skills include personal hygiene, communication skills, eating habits, relationships with the teacher, peer relations, and personal behavior. Cognitive skills rated are verbal skills, object…

The 30 sixth and 30 ninth grade students, all of whom attended one rural school district in central Illinois, not only displayed a wider variety of behaviors than reported in the Inhelder and Piaget study (1958) investigating the development of logical thinking in children, but the behavioral components served to fill significant gaps in the…

This study was designed to examine the effects of two factors on the delay behavior of six year old children, a large percentage of whom had not yet attained temporal operations. The subjects consisted of 60 black, first grade children from a lower class urban neighborhood school. The experimental design was a 2x3 factorial with the first factor…

A drug education curriculum for senior high school students utilizing a behavioral approach is offered in this two volume set composed of a Teachers' Manual and Student Rap Sheets. The teachers' manual provides introductory material about the assumptions and rationale upon which the program is based, an understanding of student behavior involved…

THE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC OPERANT AND MODELING PRINCIPLES ON INCREASING ATTENTIVE (TASK-ORIENTED) CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR OF HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN WERE STUDIED. THE METHODS OF BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION USED IN THE STUDY WERE DISCRIMINATION-MODELING AND OPERANT CONDITIONING. SUBJECTS WERE 24 STUDENTS FROM GRADES 1 THROUGH 4 WHO WERE JUDGED HYPERACTIVE BY…

Forty first graders and 40 fifth graders were asked to allocate a limited number of rewards to two children working on identical tasks. Four experimental conditions were established by varying the workers' relative productivity and effort on the task. Fifth graders were generally found to utilize the norm of equity more than first graders in…

Defines the concept of assertive speaking as the appropriate expression of personal opinions, feelings, and purposes with respect for self and others without undue anxiety. (MH)

Studies the ways in which information disclosed early in a relationship is used to form predictions about probable attitudes of the other person, and subsequent communication behavior as the relationship progresses. (MH)

The article reviews the recent literature dealing with teaching autistic children acceptable behaviors using behavior modification techniques. (DLS)

From a sociopsychological perspective, this paper examines two models of conformity, termed inner-directed and other-directed, in the sport subculture of the American social structure. Trends and patterns are identified with regard to the behavior of both sports participants and spectators. (DS)

The article discusses bibliotherapy as a classroom method to help meet personal, social, and emotional needs of learning disabled (LD) adolescents. (PHR)

Through the use of learned symbols, two chimpanzees accurately specified 11 foods by name to one another when the food item's identity was known by only one and requested specific food of one another by name. Requests resulted in cooperative and reciprocal symbolically mediated food exchange. (Author/MA)