Level of cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is examined for opponents acting in their own behalf or as members of a reference group consisting of strangers or friends. This subject classification interacted with trials, representatives of friend groups manifesting a consistently high level of cooperation throughout, and representatives of…

This paper reports on the effects of four forms of kinesic communication and three forms of verbal communication on leadership perception in a small group setting. Forty-eight college age discussants were observed in groups of four during twelve 30-minute sessions. Permitted only visual input, eleven previously trained observers recorded four…

The authors offer proposals for studies of human behavior in the courtroom, with respect to communications interaction among jurors and source credibility of attorneys. They refer to innovations in videotaping procedures, which make it possible to examine communications principles and dynamics in the courtroom situation. The first proposed study…

The third volume of the introduction to psychology and leadership course (see the final reports which summarize the development project, EM 010 418, EM 010 419, and EM 010 484) concentrates on group dynamics and is divided into two separate documents. Like Volume One (EM 010 420), it is a self-instructional, syndactic text with discussion sections…

The third volume of the introduction to psychology and leadership course (see the final reports which summarize the development project, EM 010 418, EM 010 419, and EM 010 484) concentrates on group dynamics and is divided into two separate documents. Like Volume One (EM 010 420), it is also a self-instructional, syndactic text with discussion…

Rather than being motivated to assist people, individuals usually approach a career as a consultant with aspirations of obtaining prestige or supplementing their income. Being a speech teacher, although helpful, is not qualification enough for a position as a consultant in the areas of management and organizational behavior. The types of…

This "position statement" concerns the relevance and utility of laboratory training techniques in facilitating group problem-solving participation. Neither the sensitivity nor T-group experiences should be assumed a priori to be applicable to problem-solving activity. The article compares the various group experiences on five major…

This paper examines the process of interpersonal communication across cultural boundaries, through a combination of the cross-cultural approach (from international communication research) and the interpersonal approach (from sociological research). The paper presents data on friendship patterns in a multi-cultural group. The experimenter observed…

This study investigates the assumption that the communication patterns between coaches and athletes are related to the manner in which athletes perceive the role of coach. The investigation focuses specifically upon the authority role of the coach. A modified semantic differential was used to assess the competence, potency, and supportiveness of…

The basic purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of using trained peers to lead small process groups in freshman orientation. The College and University Environment Scale (CUES) was the basic instrument used to determine whether perceptions of the college campus climate differed after an alternate freshman orientation program.…

Recent investigations of the effects on group output of competitive contingencies, reward deliveries to group members contingent upon achieving a higher or lower task rate than another group, have suggested that competitive contingencies are a positive function of group output. When rewards are contingent upon a higher comparison outcome, group…

This paper for educational administrators and researchers, and theorists begins with a discussion of the role of intellectual paradigms in the development of science, and outlines some of the general social science paradigms that have been dominant in organization theory. A classification scheme is constructed, based on Udy's organizational…

This paper is concerned with the impact of the Individually Guided Education/Secondary Project (IGE/S) in a middle school. Participation observation is used to understand how the intervention process is incorporated into everyday patterns and norms of the school. No individualization of instruction occurred. The findings suggest that basic…

A review of the literature on cooperative, competitive, and independent reward structures and performance is presented, and conclusions are drawn which reformulate current beliefs about the interaction between reward structure and task structure. A brief theory of reward structure and performance is described, and conditions under which…

Because of fast changes in educational theory and methodology, behaviorally threatening atmosphere, changes in student responses and attitudes, administrative expectations, and general tensions, most teachers need more support relationships than ever before. Tensions in many schools are high and daily frustrations exist. Teachers are concerned…