The textbook for a course in basic Pashto contains seven instructional units, each consisting of five lessons. Each lesson contains a list of objectives, a review of previously learned words and sentences on which the new lesson is based, new vocabulary, a dialogue, pronunciation exercises, exercises in sentence structure, activities to encourage…

A two-year ethnographic study of kindergarteners' experiences in a French immersion classroom focused on the processes by which children find and construct meaning through classroom interaction and communication processes. Data were gathered through classroom observation and videotapes. The initially unilingual English-speaking students were…

In many classrooms, there are a few students who become bored and indulge in reverie. They tend to be apathetic or indifferent to course activities, and attempts to get them interested via invitational approaches are often not successful. Some of these students are not aware of how their instructors view them or that there is a problem, and the…

This paper focuses on how the entrance of greater numbers of adults into university classes has changed and should continue to change the methods of teaching. The first part of the paper traces the history of the philosophy of adult education, recounting liberal education theories, progressive theories, behaviorist theories, humanistic approaches,…

An overview is presented of classroom observation instruments which have been created and refined since 1962. The components of teacher-pupil transactions measured by different observation methods are listed, and the complexities and difficulties encountered when using the instruments are discussed. A description is given of the Coping Analysis…

Historically, preservice teacher education programs have not provided their students, in a systematic manner, with knowledge, methods, or practice to produce effective classroom management. A systematic approach to classroom management is recommended that would deal with advance planning and preparation before the school year, and the…

Regardless of the racial or ethnic composition of their classrooms, teachers need to develop a multicultural classroom environment in which they: (1) teach children to respect others' cultures and values; (2) help all children learn to function successfully in a multicultural, multiracial society; (3) develop a positive self-concept in those…

Intended to help teachers assess the effectiveness of their reading program, this paper suggests how teachers can emphasize comprehension in reading, what behaviors students demonstrate related to getting and creating meaning when reading, and how the classroom environment can promote reading for meaning. After describing effective teacher and…

This study reports on work activities structures, student social cognitive understanding, and student participation as ecological perspectives from which to describe and analyze the teaching that took place in one elementary school. Detailed descriptions of the ecological features of 10 elementary school classrooms are presented, and an…

Employing learned helplessness theory as a trait orientation, a study examined the interrelationships existing between instructor classroom behaviors, student perceptions of control, and student behavioral responses in the college classroom. Subjects, 317 male and female undergraduate students who were enrolled in communication courses at West…

A review of research on sex role differentiation in classroom interaction reveals that women are marginalized from education by its content and by the classroom interactional processes. Sex-role stereotyping exists in curriculum materials at all educational levels, with textbooks more likely to portray boys in active roles and girls in passive…

Noting that the ways children encounter and use print in the classroom can be examined as surface and organizing content of curriculum, this article provides descriptions of innovative uses of print in the kindergarten and elementary school classroom. Curriculum "surface content" includes activities, use of classroom space, display, and…

Continuing the work synthesized in the Commission on Reading report "Becoming a Nation of Readers," this guide charts 31 programs (described in "Educational Programs That Work") validated by the National Diffusion Network that meet the commission's 17 major recommendations. The guide will enable educators to see which of the…

Research on teacher thinking generally has failed to take into account teacher beliefs and understandings in both research methodology and in interpretation of data. Two models prevail in research on teacher thinking. The decision making model, which has undergone several modifications, tends to focus on explaining and understanding deliberate…

This model for starting daily and weekly planning prior to writing lesson or unit plans is intended for elementary school teachers. It is a part of a management support kit designed for teachers by the Fairfax County (Virginia) Public Schools system, which developed the materials to aid teachers in implementing the school system's Program of…