Comparison of maternal speech to three-month-olds between American (N=20) and Japanese (N=20) mother-infant dyads revealed that infant gaze affected the intended functions of maternal speech differently for the two groups. Cultural differences were also seen in the nature of function-form and function-referent relationships. (Author/CB)

Data from eight countries were analyzed to explore hypotheses about cross-cultural differences in childrearing patterns. Particular attention is given to LeVine's and Kohn's theories, and Hoffman and Hoffman's new theory that contends that children satisfy certain parental needs and that the satisfaction of specific needs affects parents'…

Disability is a human constant: all human societies have and have always had disabled members. Although the presence of such individuals is a constant, culturally shared responses to them vary greatly across time and social context. (Author/BJV)

Argues the importance of teaching students about the common culture of our diverse democracy. States that this common culture is composed of the democratic, work, and Judeo-Christian ethics. Describes how these ethics function to help preserve and transmit our common culture. (JDH)

Offers a brief history of cultural pluralism in the United States and how education has responded to meet the challenges it presented. Differentiates multicultural education from multiethnic and international education. Recommends curriculum adaptations, parental involvement, and continued advocacy for multicultural education. (JDH)

Specific cultural differences underlie school failure. A program successful in helping one ethnic majority may be incompatible with another minority group. Programs must be made culturally specific for each group. Examples are given of the KEEP program used with Hawaiians and Navajos. (VM)

Discusses traditional concepts of tradition, religion, commerce, and family life. Points out innovative philosophies held by the Founding Fathers which shaped the Constitution. The subsequent moral revolution needs to be reconsidered in light of the Founding Fathers' intent. (PS)

Reports findings of a study involving adult, college-educated Egyptians enrolled in English as a second language courses in Cairo. Concludes that students learning to read in a second language interpret materials in terms of their own culture, which affects their comprehension. (FL)

In the formation of social policy, the needs and interests of Black children are obscured in two ways: (1) by the emphasis on economic deprivation as opposed to race and racism; and (2) by the implementation of policy in ways that undermine survival strategies of poor Black families. (KH)

Examines three survival stories involving Inuits: Harpoon of the Hunter (Markoosie), Tikta'Liktak (Houston), and Julie of the Wolves (Craighead). Focuses on the difficulties involved in using a literary form of Anglo-American-European culture to deal with events and attitudes from a culture as different as the Inuit. (JHZ)

Discusses reasons for lack of outdoor education programs in Japan. Emphasizes importance of establishing outdoor education to recover traditional Japanese appreciation of nature. Examines Occidental and Oriental views of nature. Describes an innovative outdoor education program in Japan based on rice cultivation. (LFL)

Three non-Christian social scientists spent a year studying the educational environment and practices of a fundamentalist school, the Bethany Baptist Academy. One of the researchers describes how he reacted to the field work and describes the deception that researchers as participant observers often use to obtain data. (RM)

Interviews with 81 Yaqui adults showed that they differed little from other populations in their evaluation of mental health problems described in the Star vignettes. Results may reflect Yaqui adaptation in the dominant culture and/or reluctance to reveal beliefs to the interviewers, who represented local health agencies. (JHZ)

The personal possibilities that 15-year-olds in Australia and Singapore perceived in relation to their career and leisure pursuits were examined. The extent to which both awareness of options and a consideration of multiple options for self were associated with culture, gender, and class was considered. (Author/MLW)

Examines the strange-situation procedure among Japanese mother-infant pairs and analyzes their behavior by comparing them with the data reported in the book by M.S. Ainsworth and others. (HOD)