The author offers his observations on how the language learner achieves a full command of a second language in its sociocultural context. (PP)

Criticizes Bernstein's formulation that there is a fundamental qualitative difference between working class and middle class speech--that working class speech is "restricted" and middle class speech is "elaborated." It is suggested that the relationship between social class and type of speech cannot be well described or…

This article presents a historical perspective of the education of Puerto Ricans. Special emphasis is placed on the interrelationship of Puerto Rican culture and language. The article reviews the federal commitment (through Teacher Corps) and the courts' help in the cause of bilingual-bicultural education. (JA)

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels had little to say specifically about communication and language, but their works hint at the direction their critique of communication might have taken. Language and consciousness are conditioned by specific means of production and sociopolitical circumstances and are therefore ideological. The domain of ideology…

This work puts forward a framework that takes into account the roles of the languages known by an individual in explaining his labor earnings. First, two different strands of literature are surveyed: (1) the material on labor earnings determination viewed through capital, discrimination, and supply and demand type models; and (2) the works on what…

The functional theories of James Britton and M.A.K. Halliday are compatible in that they both (1) view language use as functional and situationally determined; (2) recognize a developmental process that involves learning the rules of use of the mature functions; (3) recognize a participatory role of language for doing and a spectatorial role for…

This centrally focused collection of articles and lectures examines literary interpretation and the relation of literature to language. The first of the book's three parts introduces the distinction between natural discourse and fictive discourse (verbal structures that function as representatives of natural utterances). It also deals with the…

The relationships between language groups in labor unions in Canada and Belgium are examined. Details of the labor movement in the two countries and characteristics of specific unions are discussed. It is concluded that, while the situation between French and Dutch speakers in Belgian unions appears stable, linguistic relations between French and…

SINCE LINGUISTS HAVE ONLY RECENTLY TURNED FROM GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS TO CONSIDER THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN SOCIETY, THE STUDY OF MODERNIZATION HAS BEEN LEFT LARGELY TO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS WHO CAN HARDLY BE EXPECTED TO DEAL WITH LINGUISTIC QUESTIONS. LANGUAGE PROBLEMS, HOWEVER, ARE KNOWN TO PLAGUE DEVELOPING SOCIETIES. IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIA,…

Paralleling and reflecting the many recent changes in national life have been corresponding developments in the American language. As new concerns and problems have arisen, new vocabularies have come into being. Countless new words and novel expressions as well as new meanings and uses for established words have been created. This collection…

This document is intended to provide information about the legal aspects of bilingual education through a general discussion of the problem, as well as through the presentation of laws and other legal documents concerned with the language of education in the schools. Part I, "Introductory Remarks," identifies the two traditions of…

To determine whether or not students in grades 2 and 4 comprehended materials written with patterns that appear frequently in their speech better than materials written with patterns that appear infrequently, two reading comprehension tests were devised by the investigator. Subjects were all second- and fourth-grade classrooms from two similar…

Too often the dialect of the teacher or the student, or both, creates interferences which hinder the educational process. By being aware of potential problems in pronunciation, lexicon, and syntax, the teacher can explain or avoid language interferences. Furthermore, the teacher can consciously help the student avoid pejorative connotations some…

In response to a study group concerned with the spoken word and the integrity of English instruction, Walter Loban traces speech and its development, examines oral language proficiency, discusses one study of oral language, discusses language and social class and language and learning, and concludes by commenting on the neglect speech instruction…