Delinquent and non-delinquent male adolescents were asked to give memories from their early childhoods under treatment conditions of verbal praise, attitude agreement, or objective correctness. (Author)

Examined are two alternatives to the use of electric shock to control destructive or repugnant behaviors in severely retarded or schizophrenic children: continued use of noncorporal punishment, and widescale application of appropriately arranged contingencies of positive reinforcement. (KW)

Research partially supported by grant MH-13470-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health.

The author attempts to clarify the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement and suggests that negative reinforcement should be used only as a last resort as a disciplinary tool. (KC)

Investigates cognitive consistency in social behavior among 90 preschool children. Finds that the smaller the incentive used to induce subjects to perform a counterattitudinal act, the greater the change in their attitudes toward the act. Suggests minimal external justification by others so children can reduce dissonance through…

This study of the treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB), involving three individuals with developmental disabilities, found that an extinction condition in which SIB no longer produced escape reduced SIB to the criterion in fewer sessions than did extinction plus fading, in which instruction frequency was initially reduced to zero and then…

Examined contingent positive and negative reinforcement and adaptive behavior and mood among 36 chronic, psychiatric outpatients who received either contingent positive token reinforcement to improve daily living skills, negative reinforcement procedure based on removal of free-tokens, or no treatment. Found significant differences between control…

A functional analysis was conducted which showed that self-injurious behavior (SIB) of an adult with mental retardation occurred at differentially high rates when restraint materials access was contingent on behavior. An alone condition during the functional analysis showed SIB did not occur in the absence of restraint materials. Functional…

A study compared effects of continuous reinforcement (play) and alone conditions as controls during functional analyses for 66 individuals whose self-injurious behavior (SIB) was maintained by escape. SIB was lower during both control conditions than it was during the test (demand) condition. SIB was lowest during the alone condition. (Author/CR)

A brief negative-reinforcement assessment was conducted with five children (ages 4 to 14) with developmental disabilities with severe destructive behavior. Children were trained to engage in an escape response and were presented with a variety of stimuli. For each child, several stimuli were identified that may serve as effective negative…

As shown by their treatment of incidents involving kissing, aspirins, and Ebonics, the media are adept at spotlighting the unseemly, the negative, and the absurdities occurring in a public education system comprising 100,000 schools. Such negative reinforcement stymies public support for schools. When covering the Third International Mathematics…

Explores the concept of a "just deserts" justice paradox in which carrying out a deserved penalty breaches the values that undergird the theory of just deserts. Examines whether it might ever be proper, from a desert perspective, to choose not to impose a deserved punishment. (KW)