Social relationships should not be considered merely as the way individuals get along with others. Interaction with others plays a crucial part in the social development of children in terms of how they interpret words, gestures and attitudes of others toward themselves. Every social interaction holds messages that children interpret as enforcing…

This study examined gender differences in interactional style between parents and children, focusing on gender socialization and emotional expression. The subjects were 38 mother-child and father-child dyads from intact families, of which about 75 percent were Caucasian; 15 percent, Hispanic; and 10 percent, African American or Asian. Parents…

There seems to be an assumption among many people that parents can mold the later adult personality of their offspring by manipulating their childhood upbringing. To tease out the variables in childrearing and to discover some of the sources of the childbearing practices of mothers in the 1980s, a study of sisters and their mothers (N=48) in the…

A study examined how much time college students spend reading for pleasure, when they do the most pleasure reading, and whether or not parental encouragement plays a role in pleasure reading habits. Subjects, 219 female and 113 male college seniors at a small public liberal arts university, completed three questionnaires as part of the…

This document is intended to educate parents and children on alcoholism. It suggests that although it is desirable for alcoholic parents to stop drinking, it is not necessary for them to do so before beginning to support the emotional growth of their children. Section 1 provides parents with guidelines to use when helping their children overcome…

A study was conducted whose primary objective was to examine the relationship between mothers' responses to children's intentions and children's development of moral reasoning. It was hypothesized that children of mothers who responded positively to their child's positive intent and negatively to their child's negative intent would use intent…

Ego-control and ego-resiliency were evaluated in seven assessments conducted when subjects were 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 14, and 18 years old. Ego-control refers to an individual's tendency to express or contain impulses, feelings, and desires. Ego-resiliency refers to the capacity to modify one's modal level of ego-control as a function of environmental…

Research has shown variables of parental nurturance (acceptance, encouragement, support) of their children to be positively correlated with their children's self-esteem. This study investigated the effects of parental nurturance and the use of permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parental discipline upon the self-esteem of college…

Parent roles and the essential ingredients for successful parent involvement programs are identified in this presentation. Five types of parent roles in education are identified; these are parents as partners, collaborators and problem solvers audience, supporters, and advisors. Elements of successful programs include written policies,…

This pamphlet provides an overview to help parents understand the roots of teenage drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and crime, and describes ways of enhancing the family and moving to prevent substance abuse through support packages. A section on measuring perceptions identifies eight clusters of behavior which cover the circle of what children perceive…

Implications of parental self-esteem for the subsequent personality qualities and self-esteem of the developing child were explored in this investigation. The sample consisted of 65 mothers and 44 fathers who completed a self Q-sort and an ideal-self Q-sort when their children were 12 years of age. At the ages of 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, and 14 years, 54…

Professionals working with pediatric oncology patients recognize that the degree of pain the child experiences during painful medical procedures is related to both the physical insult and the child's degree of anxiety and fear. Two major lines of research in the area of pediatric pain management include the assessment of distress and training…

The bibliography contains over 50 annotated citations of research on the nature of maternal speech and its effects on child language development. It is limited to studies focusing on verbal features of mothers' speech to normal one-to-four-year-olds learning English. The first section is devoted to literature describing characteristics specific to…

Effects of age and gender of preschool children and sex of parent on parental teaching strategies in a fantasy play situation were examined. Relations of parental strategies to children's fantasy play were assessed. Play sessions were held in a small playroom equipped with materials which facilitated dramatic production. The linguistic strategies…

The specific purposes of this study were to examine (1) age differences in the sophistication of influence strategies children use to affect parents' consumption decisions, and (2) whether or not parents differentially reinforce such strategies according to the child's age. Data were gathered by observing the interactions of 145 parent-child dyads…