Suggests ways classroom teachers can prepare for absences and help make substitute teaching productive. Recommends forming a list of preferred substitutes at the beginning of the school year; clarifying with students expected behavior; and preparing a permanent substitute packet. (LS)

Explores proactive and reactive parental behavior among 24 mothers and their first-born children whose ages ranged from 27 to 45 months. Children responded to proactive behavior as compared to reactive behavior by engaging in acceptable behaviors for longer periods and by violating fewer rules. (RJC)

The Developmental Studies Center and the San Ramon Unified School District (California) have cooperated for five years on a character education program called the Child Development Project. This program is integrated into the academic curriculum and stresses cooperation, sharing, learning from example, expanding perspectives, and developmental…

A discussion of philanthropy as a field of study reviews major books and essays on the subject and lists academic centers and programs and national philanthropic organizations. (MSE)

Leisure Studies, an emerging field of study in higher education struggling for academic legitimacy, is examined. An interdisciplinary and metaphysical approach is urged, and a commentary on the state of the field and its research in Canada is provided. (Author/MSE)

Responds to Peter Hobson's assertions concerning the relationship of punishment and moral education. Draws upon the writings of Michael Foucoult in suggesting that punishment in the legal sense does not fit well with efforts to develop rational autonomy. Suggests that traditional talk of punishment obscures the reality of practice. (KO)

Maintains that journalism is a science, and that a properly qualified, responsible journalist is a practicing scientist. Deals with the implications of this conclusion for the training of journalists, for the future quality of journalism generally, and for future relations between scientists and journalists. (SR)

Given the difficulty of substitute teaching, it is surprising that few districts require professional training or previous teaching experience. According to one survey, substitutes should be flexible, have teaching experience and subject area knowledge, and be able to manage classroom adversity. Substitutes' role needs more appreciation. Includes…

This literature review explores needs assessment in 12 disciplines based on a comprehensive search of 12 databases. Topics discussed include how and why needs assessments are conducted; prioritization of needs; use of selected needs assessment variables across disciplines; implications for performance technology; and future challenges. (Contains…

Definitions of adult education were analyzed in "Adult Education Quarterly" and its predecessors, 1929-1992, and in a professional association's handbook series, 1934-1990. Definitions clustered into three categories representing the field's development: (1) 1929-1945, no single definition, more inclusiveness; (2) 1946-1979, definition sought as…

Argues that the phrase "library science" is an oxymoron and that the term "librarianship" is correct. Suggests that library science and information science are now completely different fields. An information access model is proposed that can be used as a vehicle for unification and integration. (JMV)

There are many situations of potential conflict that can be defused with humor. Humor in discipline can be used when it is a natural part of the adult's personality and style, and/or there is a relationship that has been built with a child that allows for off-beat words or actions to be accepted in a nondefensive way. (Author)

Seniors enrolled in a humanities course at an exemplary New Jersey high school were surveyed about critical issues, needed changes, and factors affecting student failure. Critical issues included racism, problem kids from other schools, boring teachers, inconsistent discipline, crowded halls and classes, and violence. Students' reasons for student…

Many agencies provide parent training to groups for whom spanking as a response to timeout escape is not an option. An alternative was developed, the "two-chair hold" technique, which showed some success in decreasing timeout escape and improving overall behavior. Discusses clinical issues regarding use of this technique. (LKS)

The presence of a uniformed police officer at a suburban Tennessee high school has benefited both staff and students. The policewoman receives full cooperation from all staff--custodians, teachers, secretaries, and principals. The school uses community policing, which consists of getting to know the public and finding out where they need help.…