The organizational characteristics of public schools, the impact of context on people in schools, and the consequences for school reform are examined. Based on the thesis that organizational characteristics of schools constrain most reform efforts, a suggestion is made for restructuring the teaching day, which promotes effective planning and…

The effect of leadership styles of school administrators on teacher evaluations of their job performances is examined in this paper. A secondary focus is a comparison of teacher characteristics and their effects on administrator evaluation. A principal evaluation survey was administered to 120 Chicago public and nonpublic school teachers,…

This paper examines the preprint as a medium of information in the communication process among scientists. The proliferation of scientific research since World War II has increased the prevalence of preprints as a means of coping with the volume of science literature worldwide. This project collected data via a search of publications during the…

This essay provides an historical perspective on conflict and discusses the relationship of prejudice and ethnocentrism to intergroup conflict, prejudice and conflict resolution in childhood, as well as approaches to conflict resolution in society. History is full of hateful and destructive indulgences based on religious, racial, and other…

A program has been established at an integrated Louisville, Kentucky, junior high school to develop a sense of school and community pride among students and teachers. The formerly all-white district in which the school is located had become increasingly Negro, and as a result "racist" rumors and social unrest had spread in the community.…

One of the valued premises of public education in the State of Washington is that curriculum in the schools must be left flexible, subject to the needs of each student and community, the judgment of professional educators, and the demands of society. The first purpose of this guide is to assist schools in maintaining self-determination. The second…

The constraints and contingencies posed for school district governance by the existence and activities of a teachers' association affect district policy in subtle ways, according to this study of the Tacoma, Washington, school system. This research was conducted in conjunction with the Experimental Schools Program (ESP) over a five-year…

The first paper, "Introduction: The culture of poverty hypotheses and their import for social science and social policy," discusses three related hypotheses developed by Oscar Lewis concerning the poor with respect to the views of the other contributors to this volume bearing on those hypotheses. The second paper, "Family structure, poverty, and…

This study was one of four designed to develop the methodological, measurement, and research strategies necessary to begin to define, analyze, and understand cooperative behavior among 4- to 6-year-old children in educational settings. Subjects were 30 4-, 5- and 6-year-olds in a kindergarten program. Each of the 30 children was observed for a…

The general purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of education or common schooling upon the attitudes of high school students who are socialized in tribal societies and who belong to different sociocultural groups within the total society. The specific problem is to conceptualize the independent variables which can be considered to…

This paper proposes the establishment of subsystems such as legitimized committees or departments to prepare school organizations for innovation and to make the transition to a changed mode of operation smoother. The subsystems are to be primarily composed of school district personnel attempting new patterns of action. The district subsystems…

Section I of this final report presents basic research findings on teaching and learning about intergroup relations at the elementary level, and includes a number of propositions and critiques about intergroup relations education and a series of recommendations. Section II is an actual "Intergroup Relations Curriculum" for elementary…

This social studies guide for teachers, interdisciplinary in nature, offers an introductory, objective approach toward the study of conflict and war. The basic underlying assumption of the book is that the institution of war represents a problem to be studied and is amenable to human intervention and resolution. Teachers are encouraged to employ…

How feedback affects small-group processes and group outcomes and how these outcomes vary with computer-assisted or experimenter-assisted modes of supplying feedback were investigated. Feedback theory was conceptualized through a work-emotionality framework. Theoretical constructs were operationalized through the use of Boyd's three-channel mode…

This paper takes a holistic view of the conditions and causes of conflict and violence. Beginning with an analysis of interaction and conflict between individuals, the author proceeds to examine its occurrence on the group, organization, and nation-state level. He points out that since all human interaction involves some conflict, we should…