The quest for sustainable energy solutions has positioned bioenergy as a critical avenue for reducing global reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the effects of climate change. Among potential bioenergy feedstocks, sugarcane ("Saccharum officinarum" L.) has emerged as a leading candidate due to its high biomass yield, low energy input requirements, and substantial sucrose content. This study examines the biofuel production process from sugarcane, focusing on ethanol production through juice extraction, fermentation, and by-product utilization, including sugarcane bagasse. The environmental implications of sugarcane cultivation are also explored, encompassing greenhouse gas emissions, land-use changes, water consumption, and soil health. While sugarcane ethanol exhibits a lower carbon footprint compared to other biofuels such as corn and wheat, its water-intensive nature and soil erosion challenges underscore the importance of adopting sustainable cultivation practices. This analysis highlights the dual potential of sugarcane to contribute to bioenergy advancements while addressing critical environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for responsible agricultural management to ensure ecological balance and climate resilience.