Criticizes Bernstein's formulation that there is a fundamental qualitative difference between working class and middle class speech--that working class speech is "restricted" and middle class speech is "elaborated." It is suggested that the relationship between social class and type of speech cannot be well described or…

A total of 40 lower- and middle-class kindergarten children were given a number of different tasks in order to measure the child's understanding and usage of grammatical rules of English and his ability to use language for effective communication. (ED)

Suggests that humans differ from other living organisms in the ability to exercise learned behavior and the individual will, which may allow people to make the changes in values necessary to survive on this planet. (DW)

This monograph examines the impact of media advertising on the poor. The first half of the report discusses research on the conceptual styles of the poor, mass communication among the poor, and advertising and the low-income consumer. The second half describes the methodology and results of a study of the advertising evaluation capacity and…

Japanese Americans in suburban Orange County, California, are widely dispersed geographically and have frequent opportunities to integrate totally into mainstream society. Nevertheless, ethnicity survives and flourishes for many. The mechanisms by which ethnicity is developed and maintained by Japanese Americans residing in predominantly white,…

A STUDY TO DETERMINE IF READING READINESS MATERIALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE FIRST GRADE REVEALS THAT THEY ARE NOT. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF A SUBURBAN MIDDLE CLASS COMMUNITY IN NEW JERSEY. TESTS WERE ADMINISTERED IN SEPTEMBER TO ALL PUPILS OF THE FIRST GRADE. NO READING INSTRUCTION HAD BEEN GIVEN IN KINDERGARTEN AND NO…

THE STAGES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ARE PRESENTED. THE FIRST STAGE OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OCCURS IN THE CHILD BEFORE THE AGE OF 2. CHILDREN LEARN FROM THOSE AROUND THEM. THE SECOND STAGE OCCURS WHEN THE CHILD STARTS TO ASK FOR THE NAMES OF OBJECTS. HE IS HELPED MOST BY THE PERSON WHO SHOWS HIM SEVERAL OBJECTS OF THE SAME NAME. THE CHILD THEN SEES…

This study examined the differential effects of sex of parent, sex of child, and sex of stranger on infant behavior in a stranger-separation situation. Year-old infants (16 males and 19 females) from middle-class families were observed and videotaped twice, at one-week intervals, in a modification of Ainsworth's laboratory stranger and separation…

Effective communication between middle class, or educated (12th grade and up) and the lower class, or uneducated (8th grade or less) is discussed from the standpoint of problems suggested by potential discontinuity brought about by signs (or language) and common experience. Research in the field is cited. It is suggested that if the people of the…

Questionnaire data were obtained from 149 enlisted men in the United States Navy. The job scope/satisfaction with the work itself relationship was examined for the study's total sample and for subsamples created by grouping individuals on the basis of their belief in the Protestant ethic (middle-class work norms and values). Job scope may be…

This study was designed to investigate the assumption that young, lower-class black children have language deficits based on the use of a restricted (as opposed to an elaborated) syntactic code. The speech of 69 black, lower-class and 30 white, middle-class 4 1/2-year olds was compared. Speech samples were elicited through semistructured picture…

The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether the effect of observing a peer who was conserving could facilitate subsequent acquisition and transfer of conservation ability in a nonconserving child. Eighty-two nonconserving first grade children acquired the ability to give conservation judgments and reasons on six conservation…