The base-rate fallacy states that the use of stereotypes is eroded when subjects are given minimal but diagnostic, individuating information about a target. To examine the effect of causal attributions and subject gender on the use of stereotypes in evaluations and predictions, 180 college students (90 males, 90 females) were presented with one of…

Previous research has indicated that locus of control acts to moderate the effects of stressful events. In this study the role of depressive attributions, negative outcome expectancies, and internal locus of control and their interactions with minor negative events in predicting symptoms of psychological distress were examined. Subjects (N=131)…

In a social dilemma situation, a group member who takes defecting choice gains more self-interest than a member who takes cooperating choice. Thus, inequity of members' individual interests would be produced depending on whether a member takes cooperating choice or defecting choice. To study effects of the perceived inequity and attributional…

Children's increasing use of intentions and motives and decreasing use of outcomes to morally evaluate action are perhaps the most researched phenomena in moral cognition. However, relatively little is known about the acquisition of the ability to make moral evaluations and the processes involved. Based on the assumption that children's…

This paper discusses the interaction of cognition and physiological factors in emotion from the viewpoint of a developmental-interactionist theory of motivation and emotion. Emphasis is given to the role of cognition in the theory of emotion. The nature of cognition is discussed in terms of (1) the "primacy" of emotion versus cognition;…

The annotated bibliography examines research regarding achievement attribution and the limited English proficient (LEP) handicapped child. The first major topic area addressed is the application of attribution theory to special populations. Research describing attribution patterns of handicapped children and comparing the patterns to those of…

A self-paced free recall task was employed to assess the effects of motivational and metacognitive influences on active processing and recall. A total of 81 fourth-graders were randomly assigned to one of four instructional conditions: strategy instructions plus process monitoring instructions; strategy instructions only; process monitoring…

Research has demonstrated that a person's attraction to a stranger is influenced by experimental manipulations suggested by general behavior theory. To examine whether a neutral observer, listening to a conversation between two strangers, could be influenced by the manipulation of several learning variables, 80 female undergraduates listened to a…

In order to explore the hypothesis that sex-linked biases in causal attributions, widely shared by female and male perceivers, may derive in part from the perceiver's naive sex-linked expectations regarding the potential impact of causal forces on women's and men's behavior, three experiments were carried out. The first experiment was conducted to…

To explore the effects of competition in a state fair art show on high school art students' self-concepts, three hypotheses were investigated. It was expected that (1) a significant majority of students entering the art competition would have an internal locus of control; (2) students who were characterized by an internal locus of control would…

In recent research the assessment of worry and emotionality as separate components of test anxiety has become a salient point. Because of theoretical advances in this field it seems to be necessary to include both aspects in the measures that are used to assess test anxiety. Some literature on this distinction is available, but no longitudinal…

Recent work in attribution theory has shown the importance of not only the distinction between beliefs in internal and external causes, but also between relatively fixed, stable causes and those more unstable and subject to change. The relationships of causal attributions for success and failure in achievement and social affiliation with…

The cognitive approach to stereotypes views stereotyping as a natural consequence of normal cognitive processes; therefore, information that is inconsistent with a stereotype is less likely to be remembered. To investigate this hypothesis an earlier experiment was replicated in three studies. Subjects received congruent or neutral information…

Using a sample of college students assembled in groups of dyads representing all possible combinations of gender and race, this study sought to determine whether attributions made by conversational participants about each other are a function of the time patterns of their verbal interaction. It was found that the participants' pause and switching…

This study investigated developmental trends in children's attributions for success and failure in achievement and social situations. Twenty-four second graders, 21 fourth graders, and 24 sixth graders were shown pictures and told accompanying stories depicting either social and achievement success or social and achievement failure. They were then…