Young children reliably distinguish reality from fantasy; they know that their friends are real and that Batman is not. But it is an open question whether they appreciate, as adults do, that there are multiple fantasy worlds. We test this by asking children and adults about fictional characters' beliefs about other characters who exist either…

The relation between theory of mind and affective perspective taking was examined in a study with 42 three- to five-year-olds. Children completed tasks measuring affective perspective taking, theory of mind, and receptive language abilities. Significant positive correlations existed between overall affective perspective taking and theory of mind…

The current study sought to determine the age at which children first engage in Level 1 visual perspective-taking, in which they understand that the content of what another person sees in a situation may sometimes differ from what they see. An adult entered the room searching for an object. One candidate object was out in the open, whereas another…

Writer and historian Bernard DeVoto observed more than 50 years ago that a dismaying amount of American history has been written without regards to the Indians. Such disregard is glaring in many mainstream stories of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Lewis and Clark began preparing for their historic journey in 1803 and officially launched the…

Theorists, researchers, and practitioners need to develop a better awareness of the oppressive nature of dichotomies in literacy research and practice and work to use dichotomies profitably by moving beyond them. Dichotomies can be convenient generalizations which make communication possible, but they run the risk of creating warring camps of…

In the past 2 decades women have begun to make inroads into the male-dominated area of public school administration. Advancement for women was hindered by male-based approaches to teaching and preparation of school administrators. Meanwhile, women in other professions were making progress and forming support networks. One such group, the Northeast…

Children's interpretations of social experiences were compared to adults' interpretations of the same experiences in a study involving 151 children between 6 and 12 years of age and the mothers of a subsample of 43 of the children. Seventy-six participating children were asked to describe some of their social experiences and generate attributions…

A model has been developed for using role play in the supervision and training of hypnotherapy. Specific techniques can be role played by trainee and supervisor which can enable the trainee to develop skill and confidence in the use of hypnotic techniques. Hypnotic induction, listening, observing and providing feedback, relaxation,…

"Breadth of perspective" is a significant concept for definition of public goals, especially in line with the two-way symmetric model of public relations practice. The concept involves four components: (1) awareness that more than one definition, stand, or conclusion is possible and is probably accepted as valid by significant persons or…

Two studies assessed third, fifth, and seventh grade children's sensitivity to relative importance in prose. Children rated importance similarly to adults when assigned perspectives from which to read. The children's ratings were not necessarily idiosyncratic: they agreed more with each other than with adults rating the same material.…

Workshops designed to give nonhandicapped persons experiences that simulate different handicapping conditions are described. Rationale for the workshops, planning considerations, and a description of groups participating (facilitators, helpers, and selected participants) and their roles are given. (JH)

The development of perspective taking was explored in kindergarten and second grade children using a referential communication task. (BRT)

A total of 180 6-, 8-, and 10-year-old children participated in tasks employing an object array in which the views from the experimental positions were objectively of equal difficulty. (SB)

Discusses how role-taking can provide a viewpoint for a writer and a real audience for children's writing. Argues that role-taking offers a more accessible route to certain kinds of language uses, particularly impersonal genres and written standard forms that are educationally valued, than direct instruction. (SRT)

Contributors discuss aspects of occult literature and present varying views on whether it is creative and involving or macabre and satanic. (JD)