The present study investigated the relationships between college students' perceptions of instructor credibility (competence, character, and caring) and their perceptions of classroom justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional justice). Results indicate that perceptions of instructor credibility positively predicted perceptions of…

This report summarizes findings on strategies chosen by students (n=38) when solving algebra problems related to various functions with the freedom to use a TI-83 graphing calculator, influences on student problem-solving strategy choices, student ability to approach algebra problems with use of multiple representations, and student beliefs on how…

This document discusses person perception or social cognition, as it affects relationships between people and nations. An important part of living together in harmony is for people to be able to perceive each other accurately, for individuals to understand one another's values, customs, goals, and resources. The need for accurate and sympathetic…

The theory of self-efficacy (beliefs concerning one's capabilities to learn or perform behaviors at designated levels), has developed since A. Bandura's work (1977) and continues to be applied to a variety of educational settings and grade levels. This paper addresses various issues pertaining to self-efficacy in settings involving academic…

A study evaluated the effects of attribution training combined with spelling strategy training on spelling performance, strategy transfer, and effort attributions. Subjects, 43 adolescents with learning disabilities in grades 7 and 8, were stratified by grade level and randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: spelling strategy…

In attempting to understand their own behaviors and that of others, people make different attributions about causes. During the process of supervision, supervisors and counselor trainees make many attributions, including those about client, trainee, and supervisor behavior. A supervision analogue was used to examine attributional processes in…

This study examines adults' and children's understanding of causal attribution cues in chaotic parent-child interactions. A total of 8 male and 8 female participants at each age of 4, 8, 12, and 18+ years, totaling 64 subjects, watched eight 30-second dramatized videotapes of a mother involved in some household task who discussed an issue with her…

Adolescence was the focus of an Urban Development Forum, a component of the Research for Better Schools, that explored the factors of effective schooling in terms of their impact on young people in large, urban systems. This forum featured a major presentation by Joseph Adelson. Focusing his presentation on the cognitive growth in adolescence, he…

Relationship dissolution is generally examined within the context of romantic involvement but rarely from the standpoint of friendship. To examine patterns of friendship dissolution in young adults, retrospective accounts of recently terminated or deteriorated same-sex friendships and changes in friendship networks over the last 5 years were…

This study was conducted to examine three explanations for gender differences in computer use and attitudes: (1) sex-typed females avoid computers if they perceive computers to be a male domain; (2) sex differences in video game use mediate sex differences in computer use; and (3) sex differences in attributional style mediate sex differences in…

Compliance with many health-promoting regimens is often poor, even among individuals with known chronic disease. Lifestyle changes recommended by cardiac rehabilitation educators are often not adopted or not maintained by clients having suffered myocardial infarction and/or coronary graft bypass surgery. Subjects were graduates (N=117) of a Phase…

Research has shown that learned-helpless children, who make attributions for failure to lack of ability, tend to show impaired performance of decreased persistence in the face of challenge. In similar situations, mastery-oriented children, identified by their tendency to attribute failure to insufficient effort, show improved performance or…

Families of nursing home residents often perceive the care provided by the nursing home staff to be inadequate or inappropriate. Consequently, conflicts and misunderstandings frequently arise between staff and family members. A study was conducted in two midwestern nursing homes which investigated the perceptions of family and staff about the care…

There is considerable debate regarding the effects of childhood sexual abuse on an individual's subsequent adjustment. To determine which variables are most useful in predicting subsequent adjustment of individuals who were involved in sexual experiences as children or adolescents, 59 female and 17 male undergraduates who reported having had a…

In this literature review, the failure of a disease model of alcoholism based upon loss of control and craving phenomena to receive support is noted, as is the robustness of a model rooted in psychological learning theory. The viability of controlled drinking interventions based upon learning theory principles is demonstrated. Several predictor…