Describes a three-step communications loop involving student self-descriptions that promote greater audience awareness. (RL)

The production and comprehension of pointing and their developmental relationship in the young child was examined in a study of 36 male and female 9- to 14-month-old infants. (CM)

The effects of two types of play experiences (constructive and dramatic) on 64 preschool children's perspective-taking performance were studied. (Author/MP)

A training program was designed to test the hypothesis that the experience of taking the role of another in social problem-solving situations and communicative activities would facilitate elderly adults' spatial perspective taking and referential communication skills. The results provided strong support for this hypothesis. (Author)

Studies the relationship between egocentrism, empathy, and altruistic behavior in three- to nine-year-old children. (CM)

This study builds on Erik Erikson's "Identity: Youth and Crisis," and describes in detail what social possibilities the adolescent usually considers when cognitively searching the environment, and describes how the understanding of the possibilities enhances or thwarts identity formation. (Author/KC)

Gives recommendations for both long-range preparation and last-minute preretirement planning. Methods are being developed that can alert those facing retirement to the emotional difficulties they may face and help them plan ways of coping with problems. Difficulties include sense of belonging, socialization problems, achievement problems and…

Reviews the literature pertaining to spatial perspective-taking and attempts to account for the inconsistent findings in this area of research by examining the methodological differences between studies. (Author/SS)

Results provide little support for viewing decentering ability as the major cognitive skill underlying developmental trends on tasks of cognitive perspective taking, peer description, humor understanding, and causal attribution. (Author/BH)

Looked at factors influencing women's attitude toward multiple roles. Examined women aspiring to both traditional and nontraditional occupations. Results indicate that traditionality of career choice moderated the effect of personal agency on commitment to multiple roles and independence. Positive problem-solving appraisal factors influenced more…

Describes the role of empathy in psychosocial functioning and in the effective parenting of children. The need for empathy training to be a core component in treatment strategies with abusive parents is discussed and approaches to empathy training are suggested, including taking perspectives, emotional replication, and response decision.…

Outlines a sociocultural perspective on program evaluation consistent with sociocultural views of knowing and learning. Perspective is characterized by rigorous use of multiple-choice tests, performance assessments, and event-based analyses; a dialectical approach to conflicting conclusions from individual assessments and between individual and…

Using the example of a Navajo student teacher late for the first day of mentoring, steps are presented that enable parties with divergent perspectives to prevent or resolve conflicts by gaining second-person perspective, establishing a calm reflective ambiance, and seeking points of convergence. Presents 10 elements for reaching higher ground in…

Research studies on cooperative learning have indicated that nonacademic benefits include improved interpersonal relations, greater social support, higher self-esteem, altruism, and ability to take another's perspective. (JD)

This literature review addresses how the mental health professions view and use communication behaviors in their own diagnostic framework, focusing on cooccurrence of communication and psychiatric disorders, and psychiatrists' consideration of communication disorders as only one of a number of neurobehavioral systems. (JDD)