Argues that cross-cultural studies need to recognize that motivation is a multifaceted concept. Reports on a small-scale comparison of United Kingdom and Chinese school students across measures of attributions for success and failure, goal orientations, and self-esteem. Discusses results in terms of motivation advantages, foci of student…

Twenty-five participants (ages 15-40) with Asperger syndrome scored significantly higher on a measure of paranoia and lower on a measure of theory of mind, compared with a control group. They did not differ in self-concept and causal attributions. A regression analysis highlighted private self-consciousness as the only predictor of paranoia.…

Strategy use, recall, metamemory, and attributional beliefs were assessed in 31 students (age 10) with and 33 students without mild mental retardation over a 3-year period. Although both groups employed effective strategies and increased their strategy use over time, students without mental retardation were more strategic. Attribution beliefs and…

A meta-analysis of 97 studies published since 1950 that assessed sex differences in scores on objective and projective dependency tests indicated that women consistently obtained higher dependency scores on objective tests, and men obtained higher scores on projective tests. Findings are discussed in terms of sex role socialization. (SLD)

This meta-analysis builds on past qualitative reviews examining different attributions that observers give for other women's and men's successes and failures. Results suggest the greatest support for the argument that differences in expectations for women's and men's performances on masculine tasks influence the selection of stable or unstable…

Reconsiders interpretive and theory versions of children's theory of mind. Shows that many college students provide interpretive explanations on theory of mind tasks and that young children rely on background experientially-based knowledge to interpret such tasks. Argues that a logical-causal theory of human action based on mental states is a…

Presents overview of the primary components of Lent, Brown, and Hackett's social cognitive career theory and Weiner's attribution theory as they relate to career-related barriers. Discusses implications associated with each approach. Suggests that counselors need to help clients distinguish between barriers for which personal control and…

Reports on a study of college students with and without disabilities (N=121) who completed measures of career decision-making self-efficacy and career decision-making attributional styles. Students with disabilities reported significantly lower levels of career decision-making self-efficacy and exhibited more of a pessimistic attributional style…

Describes process-play, an experiential training group structure that addresses the dilemma between participation in a training group and a student's right to privacy. Students participate in group training through a mask, whereby they differentially respond to certain group members on the basis of superficial characteristics. Introduces…

Explored use of punitive force by adults with low perceived power in teaching interactions. Found that those women with low perceived power were more likely than the others to use high levels of punitive force and show elevated levels of autonomic arousal when given ambiguous control, and more likely to attribute intentionality to children whose…

We compare the structure and content of political experts' knowledge with that of novices. We were particularly interested in whether experts would show more causal and historical reasoning in explaining political events, as well as whether their knowledge was structured in the form of a narrative. Eight relative political experts (advanced…

This study examined service delivery and risk factors for 93 youth with emotional and behavioral disorders who were served by one jurisdiction's child welfare, juvenile justice, and special education agencies. The researchers collected data through an archival review of agency records. The article discusses findings as they relate to the link…

Contemporary theories of academic motivation seek to explain students' behaviours in academic settings. While each theory seems to possess its own constructs and unique explanations, these theories are actually closely tied together. In this theoretical study of motivation, several theories of motivation were described and an underlying theme of…

Inherent to all social exchange relations are elements of both cooperation and competition. We develop and test a theoretical model which proposes that the relative salience of the competitive, conflictual elements of exchange mediate and explain the negative effects of negotiated exchange, as compared with reciprocal exchange, on actors'…

In three experiments we studied lay observers' attributions of responsibility for an antisocial act (homicide). We systematically varied both the degree to which the action was coerced by external circumstances and the degree to which the actor endorsed and accepted ownership of the act, a psychological state that philosophers have termed…