Four different methods for attending to a lecture were studied: listening, listening with an outline, note-taking, and note-taking with an outline. Each method was designed to influence the learner's level of processing and, therefore, to effect the encoding and retrieval of information from a lecture. In addition, the effects of no review or…

Misleading headings in documents, which make it hard for readers to find what they need, are common in many types of documents. A review of research on the importance of cues in the reading process suggests that heading miscues might seriously impair understanding. Three experiments were conducted to discover how headings cue or miscue adult…

Acquaintance rape has been found to occur with disturbing frequency in an adolescents' social world. Unlike stranger rape, acquaintance rape, particularly dating rape, takes place in the context of normal social activity. In 1978, 432 adolescents, ages 14-18, were interviewed in the Los Angeles area: half male, and half female, and one-third drawn…

The study was designed to determine whether inferences about implied elements are drawn during sentence comprehension. A cued recall procedure was employed. It was argued, for example, that if one computes the use of a hammer when "the worker pounded the nail" is encountered, that "hammer" should effectively cue the recall of the sentence; while a…

Two experiments were conducted to examine self-fulfilling expectancy influence in a simulated supervisor-worker interaction. The first experiment led supervisor subjects to expect either high or low compliance from their workers. All workers completed a set of five tasks twice, once when instructed to work fast and once when instructed to work…

The major goal of this study was to investigate first grade children's ability to use initial letter, middle letter, final letter and word configuration cues to recognize words in context. Subjects were forty-six children, 23 boys and 23 girls, from both first grade classes of a private school in suburban Philadelphia. Three letter words were…

Prospective remembering (remembering to carry out specific activities at some future time) was investigated in this study. This investigation focused on episodic prospective remembering (memory for actions performed either infrequently or on an irregular basis ) rahter than habitual prospective remembering (memory for actions routinely engaged…

This manual presents a system for categorizing stated esthetic responses to paintings. It is primarily a training manual for coders, but it may also be used for teaching reflective thinking skills and for evaluating programs of art education. The coding system contains 33 subdivisions of esthetic responses under three major categories: Cue…

A sequence of studies compared two types of discrimination formation: errorless learning and trial-and-error procedures. The subjects were three boys and five girls from a university preschool. The children performed the experimental tasks at a typical match-to-sample apparatus with one sample window above and four match (response) windows below.…

This study used five cueing systems composed of 16 cues each in combination with three topical areas to form cue-topic pairs which acted as stimulus items for the retrieval of naturally stored information. The five cue systems were composed of: randomly selected words, randomly selected nouns, the Wilson and Arnold system, a modification of the…

Gibb (1964) defined test-wiseness (TW) as the ability to respond advantageously to item clues in a multiple-choice setting and therefore to obtain credit without knowledge of the subject matter being tested. This study investigated TW in a sample of 6th grade pupils. A test instrument was developed utilizing fictitious material similar to the…

Two design strategies were tested on 69 elementary school children to investigate (1) the effect of using three types of pictorial supports to focus student attention on the important features of a concept or rule, and (2) the importance of specific pretraining instruction on using the pictorial to notice and label relevant rules and concepts.…

Two codes that provide access to the identity of an item in memory are the initial letter of its name and the name of a category to which it belongs. This research compares the characteristics of these two modes of access to the identity of a memory trace. (Author/RK)

Authors hypothesized client's self-perception of improvement in therapy is partially a function of situational cues in contrast to internal mechanisms. Undergraduate Ss (N=65) self-disclosed on a problem for 10 minutes and were then assigned to one of four "interpersonal cue" conditions, or to a "discharge cue" condition. (Author)

Student behavior measures were shown to be highly predictive of achievement, adding support to the notion that student behavior during instruction is strongly linked to student learning. (Author)