Two experiments examined the effect of single-modality (sound or text) and bimodal (sound and text) presentation on word meaning, as measured by both improvements in spoken word recognition efficiency and recognition memory. Both native and nonnative speakers of English were tested. Concludes simultaneous text presentation can aid novel word…

Among 48 fourth graders, average readers were superior to poor readers in recall performance, use of memory strategies, and awareness of own memory processes (metamemory). However, both groups demonstrated little strategic sophistication. Across groups, significant correlations were found among strategy use, metacognitive knowledge, and recall…

To clarify the relationships between reaction time (RT) variability and intelligence, RT distributions from 303 male Navy recruits were partitioned into 16 fast-to-slow latency bands calculated with measures of mental ability. The slowest bands (worst trials) were the best predictors of intelligence and working memory performance. (SLD)

Explored issue of confirmatory bias in counselors' clinical hypothesis testing by examining the way counselors (n=84) remembered information about a client. Results indicated counselors remembered more confirmatory than discomfirmatory information. Suggests counselors need to be aware of these biases and should be trained to avoid them.…

An adult male with mild mental retardation had previously been trained in a match-to-sample task on 16 arbitrary relations among 16 visual stimuli and 2 auditory stimuli. Testing indicated the development of 112 additional arbitrary relations that had never been reinforced. On two-year and three-year followup, his performances remained stable.…

Children (N=20, age 9-12) with severe dyslexia were slower in counting from memory and naming alternating digits and letters than children with milder reading impairment. The children most disabled also had poorer phonological sensitivity, shorter digit spans, and lower verbal intelligence quotients. (Author/DB)

Hierarchical analysis of a test battery of sentence span, preload, and concurrent memory demand tasks was used to identify subgroups of children with different patterns of memory function. For each subgroup, performance strengths and weaknesses were related to reading, mathematics, and spelling performance. (Author/DB)

The primary language hypothesis of short-term memory coding was challenged by an experiment with eight normally hearing college students and a review of the literature about deaf subjects. Whether or not deaf signers recode printed words into sign depends on a variety of task and subject factors. (SLD)

Using the works of writers like Thomas Wolfe, Christopher Koch, Raja Rao, and Albert Wendt, it is demonstrated that memory is a central element in postcolonial narratives and is associated with two important domains of cognition--recall of childhood and awareness of exile. (57 references) (JL)

Examined relationship between ego identity status and early memory themes of 73 late adolescents/young adults to detect possible phases in adolescent ego structuralization. Found identity achievements most frequently expressed themes of moving contentedly alone or alongside others, but themes of moving away from familiar were most common among…

Research has found similarities between specific reading disability and reading difficulty in children of low intelligence, especially in short-term memory deficits. Studies indicate that ability to acquire and use a knowledge of spelling patterns is a major problem, and efforts to teach more efficient decoding skills have met with limited…

Performance of 36 second graders in judging grammaticality was not associated with reading ability or metaphonological skill, while performance in correcting violations of grammaticality was strongly associated. Short-term memory had minimal effects on judgment performance, but greatly affected correction performance. Both judgment and correction…

The study compared strategies chosen by second-grade learning disabled (LD) children with short-term memory problems, but with differences in naming facility, and same-age and younger nondisabled children. Subjects with poor naming abilities demonstrated selected strategy failures, while subjects with good naming abilities demonstrated more…

Investigated the serial recall strategies of 96 children aged 5-8 years by applying a theoretical and methodological approach originally developed to investigate preschoolers' arithmetic strategies. Results indicated the use of multiple approaches for serial recall and adaptive strategy choices. (RJC)

Empirical parallels between repetition priming (RP) and automaticity predicted by the instance theory were studied in 4 experiments with a total of 196 introductory psychology students. RP was viewed as the first few steps toward automaticity. Characteristics RP shares with automaticity, beyond a general speed-up with practice, are discussed. (SLD)