The visual scanning of redundant and random spatial configurations of two-digit numbers was investigated in a target recognition task. The experimental technique involved a brief exposure of a probe (a two-digit number) at the center of the visual field, followed by a spatial pattern of 16 two-digit numbers which included the matching target in…

The spatial layout of visual displays was evaluated by means of three magnitude estimation tasks and one reproduction task. Each stimulus display consisted of 16 randomly-drawn, two-digit numbers. Six different spatial layouts, or display types, were used: systematic vs. random spatial order of numbers; regular vs. irregular boundaries of the…

The Change Facilitator Stages of Concern Questionnaire (CFSoCQ) as a procedure for studying the concerns of change facilitators is presented. It is based on the work of Francis Fuller, the concept of Stages of Concern, and the Concerns Based Adoption Model which deal with change facilitators' concerns regarding implementation of an innovative…

This investigation of the encoding features of graphs begins with a description of a cognitive framework which allows designers to factor into the process of designing displays how people interpret the information found and what display properties are responsible for this interpretation. The framework also provides a performance measure for use in…

A differentiation between two types of self-blame, behavioral and characterological, has been suggested. Behavioral self-blame is control-related and pertains to attributions made to one's behavior, while characterological self-blame is esteem-related and involves attributions made to one's character. To assess the efficacy of separating the…

Because a requirement for students in many public relations (PR) courses is that they must pool their efforts with other students, problems may arise when good students must work with students less motivated or organized than they. One answer to this problem may be to steer the brightest PR students toward a course that integrates communication…

Research suggests that when subjects are given a rule as to how to translate auditory or verbal information into images, the images have many common characteristics with cognitive representations derived from visual perceptions. This experiment examined the process of cognitive integration and the similarities and differences between how imagined…

A theoretical framework for the process of faculty renewal in the 1980s was proposed, based on examination of the role of department heads as in-house agents of change for staff development. Support for the theory was sought using three empirical statements to test the relationship of department heads' manipulative orientation and social insight…

Students' perceptions of actual and idealized qualities of practicing physicians were studied longitudinally at three points in students' medical education. Questionnaire data were collected to assess stability and change in students' images of qualities of "most" physicians and of "effective" physicians. Male and female students' images of…

The perceptions of department chairpersons concerning the leadership roles of academic deans in several schools/colleges of a major research university were identified, based on interviews with 55 chairpersons. The typical chairperson was male, from the College of Letters and Science, had served for about 4 and one-half years, was a full…

Previous research suggests that the mental and physical health of the Type B personality should be better than that of the Type A personality. To test this hypothesis, 81 university students responded to the Glass (1977) version of the Jenkins Activity Survey for college students which assessed perceived health status. The results showed that 54…

Imaging is the process of creating mental pictures that can be scanned as people would scan a current event. It is a real, powerful personal process, which has been used in medicine, science, health care, sports, creativity, education, and other areas. On a day-to-day level, imaging can be used to engineer insights regarding self-concept,…

A discussion of managerial retraining in order to further administrative reorganization and improvement of management by the former Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia, an organizational development consultant, and an educator with an interest in organizational development. (Author/JM)

Reports an in-depth participant observation of a rural American commune located in a canyon in Northwestern United States in the summer of 1971, focusing on the internal dynamics of the commune; values and beliefs are viewed as the primary focus of integration in addition to common definitions, solidarity, and other factors. (JM)

Studies of human problem solving have traditionally used deterministic tasks that require the execution of a systematic series of steps to reach a rational and optimal solution. Most real-world problems, however, are characterized by uncertainty, the need to consider an enormous number of variables and possible courses of action at each stage in…