For journal availability, see EC 092 078.

Quotes from the letters of Joseph Crosby regarding the certification of teachers in English grammar, orthography, arithmetic, and geography in 1877, and reproduces the four certification examinations Crosby developed. (DD)

The study assessed a program involving distinctive-feature prompts for teaching four educable mentally retarded children (ages 7-9) to use appropriate arithmetical operations with multicomponent pictorial problems. Results indicated the program was effective with all subjects. (Author/DB)

Presents and analyzes data on the arithmetic procedures people use when shopping for groceries in American supermarkets. Reports that the way shoppers solve problems is closely related to the way they formulate problems: supermarket arithmetic does not begin with a well-defined problem that calls for a specific numerical answer. (KH)

Previous studies indicate that many early elementary school children have the misconception that whole number subtraction is a commutative operation. The degree and character of this subtraction error was investigated in this longitudinal study. Results obtained from three groups of students with different number abilities provided further…

Discusses the use of manipulative materials to model operations and algorithms. Indicates that they clarify the several interpretations of each operation, establish a basis for correct mathematical language, and show why algorithms work. (JN)

The number sense program in Texas was developed to help motivate students to learn mathematics and to literally develop "number sense." A description of the program, a 70-item exercise (with answers), and teaching tips are provided. (JN)

Discusses: (1) use of matrix techniques to write secret codes (includes ready-to-duplicate worksheets); (2) a method of multiplication and division of polynomials in one variable that is not tedius, time-consuming, or dependent on guesswork; and (3) adding and subtracting rational expressions and solving rational equations. (JN)

Within the large range of potential theoretical perspectives on fractions, this paper considers one particular interpretation: fractions' duality as process and object. By considering the number-fractionbar-number composite symbol as simultaneously representing division and rational, some process-object theories imply that fraction-as-process and…

This document contains the proceedings of the 25th annual conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australia (MERGA) held at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The focus of this meeting is mathematics education in the South Pacific. Presentations are centered around the topic of numeracy in primary or elementary school.…

This book offers schools an assessment instrument to identify and help children who under-achieve in early numeracy. The book focuses on the Learning Framework in Number (LFIN) which guides the assessment and teaching. The LFIN consists of 11 key aspects of early number development including identifying the stages of early arithmetical learning,…

This textbook is a course in elementary arithmetic. It stresses mental as well as written exercises. Addition and subtraction are first presented together, and later multiplication and division.

Describes a fundamental arithmetic program for the ground nut plantation workers in Senegal. (GB)

Described are patterns in Pascal's triangle which are obtained when the entries are reduced modulo a prime number. (MM)