Explores the unique time-related stresses on the adult educator and the implications for educational institutions. Focuses on extension education as a specific case and how an effort to redirect programing can increase time-related stress. (JOW)

College students (N=64), divided into 10 groups, completed the Personal Anticipations Questionnaire prior to group experience, Group Attitude Scale several times during group experience, and Group Satisfaction Scale following group experience. Results showed that group member expectations were related to group cohesion or attraction to group.…

Administered anticipated adjustment form of Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) to entering college freshmen majoring in science or engineering, then administered actual adjustment form in October of freshman year. Results support use of SACQ for this group. Comparison of results from anticipated and actual adjustment forms suggests…

Expected value judgments of 5- through 10-year-olds were studied by having children view roulette-type games and make judgments of how happy a puppet playing the game would be. Even the youngest children showed some understanding of probability dependence, with children under eight using an additive integration rule and children eight and older…

From 3 states, 256 usable responses from 400 Future Farmers of America (FFA) members showed that achievement expectancy was positively related to youth leadership life skills development. Females had higher leadership skills development. Leadership skills were not related to self-esteem, years in FFA, age, ethnicity, or place of residence. (SK)

One important characteristic of rational action is that intentions should be consistent with beliefs. Two studies examined whether three year olds understand belief constraints on intention. In both studies, subjects' understanding of unfulfilled intentions was excellent and significantly better than their understanding of false beliefs, but…

Reviews the application of expectancy theory to student motivation. Describes tenets of the theory (motivation depends on estimation of the likelihood of success, the likelihood that particular behaviors will result in the outcome, and the value of outcomes). Identifies instructor actions related to each tenet that can enhance student motivation.…

District officials often assume that decentralization will produce immediate improvement, uncover abundant building-level expertise, and spawn productive, harmonious decision making. Staff development must be geared to eliminating false expectations, developing a thorough knowledge base, and understanding how to control and evaluate the program.…

Summarizes a study examining attitudes, decision-making processes, and interpersonal expectations of school personnel in over 50 school renewal projects in Georgia. Identified nine elements essential for helping restructuring schools become more empowering organizations. Discusses how professional educators can use their knowledge of these…

Gave subjects a performance standard either before or after performance of a novel task. Found that subjects receiving the standard after performance were more satisfied (in the success condition) or more dissatisfied (in the failure condition) than those given the standard prior to performance. Implications of these findings are discussed. (RJM)

Tests two hypotheses: (1) that knowledge of a child's family history of sexual abuse influences adults' expectations for the child; and (2) that adults who have experienced sexual abuse are less likely to negatively stereotype sexually abused children. Results confirm that family history labels lead to adults having different expectations of…

Used analogue format to compare relative effects of two paradoxical interventions (symptom scheduling and negative consequences of change), a relaxation directive, and a session summary condition on clients' perceptions of a mental health counselor, counseling expectations, and attributions. Results indicated differential effects on perceptions of…

A former school principal describes a dozen situations involving parents' excuses for their children's bad behavior or complaints about school procedures and supervisory practices. Suitable administrator responses are given concerning homework completion, "unreasonable" school expectations, divergent interpretations of student attitudes and…

Data from Japanese university students (176 males, 210 females) showed that females had significantly higher self-efficacy for female-dominated occupations, significantly lower for male-dominated ones. Self-efficacy for male-dominated occupations was associated with instrumentality; for female-dominated occupations it was associated with both…

Understanding of adolescent child-bearing and efforts to ameliorate attendant problems are diminished by unexamined, emotionally charged beliefs regarding race, poverty, gender. Adolescent birth rates that declined from 1970s to 1980s were sharper for African Americans. However, sexually active adolescents in comparison countries have fewer…