It was concluded that pictures are encoded differently depending on task expectation. Parallel access of visual and semantic memory codes occurs; but when recognition is expected, a visual cue provides faster access, and when expecting recall, verbal access is more efficient. (Author)

Results indicate that Ss expectancy for a given test stimulus probability, has its effect on the encoding or decision stage of the memory-scanning process. (Authors)

The study examined the effect of experimentally induced teacher bias, or expectancy, on the subsequent behavior of 24 institutionalized severely retarded children when the bias effects were a result of optimistic psychological reports to cottage parents. (Author)

The generalized self-fulfilling prophecy phenomenon failed to be supported in this study, but the significant differences related to the teacher-opinion dimension underscore the complexity of teacher-pupil interaction. (Authors/MB)

Second of three articles cites research indicating employee productivity is usually higher under employee-centered" supervisors who keep a loose rein than under job-centered" ones who exercise close supervision. Since high expectations lead to increasingly high performance, and vice versa, authors suggest ways to turn around low-producing…