To create effective schools, principals must make learning and teaching their highest priority. Effective schools research shows that, when teachers expect students to learn, help them learn, and hold them accountable for learning, they learn and improve their academic performance. Learning expectancy phases are traced from 1837 to the present.…

Causes of project failure and common programing and design problems are discussed, including vague expectations, lack of architectural program detail, unwillingness to understand compromises, misunderstanding economics of audience size, site impact on budget, making a smaller facility less versatile, lobby expenses, late value engineering,…

Integration is essential but succeeds only in schools that have fundamentally changed their organization and teaching strategies. High expectations, opportunities for students to work and learn together, the use of language for real purposes, and continual reexamination of successes and problems are necessary elements in an effectively integrated…

Reports findings from a participant observation study of 26 kindergartners. Adjustment patterns which children developed in response to classroom expectations are organized in 3 domains: forgetting expectations, using secret communications, and exploring limits. (RJC)

Teachers were asked whether they gave higher ratings on liking, praising, and helping, and lower ratings on expectancy of success when student failure was attributed to low ability, illness, or low effort. Respondents indicated they would be most willing to help students with low ability, with low expectation of success. (JD)

Used restraining paradoxical interventions with high- and low-reactant college students in treatment of procrastination or test anxiety. Comparison of restraining intervention with nonparadoxical intervention group and control group found all subjects improving procrastination behavior. Comparison of restraining intervention with reframing…

A survey of more than 3,000 Japanese corporations received 540 replies indicating that the basic division of roles of formal education and in-house training has not changed. Emphasis on in-company training will continue, and employers' expectations of formal education still focus on basic skills and character building. (SK)

An Idaho education dean recounts a moving encounter with a fatherless first-grader while visiting his grandson in Eugene, Oregon. Envisioning a deadbeat dad and a burned-out mother, he pondered the statistical odds of this child graduating from college. However, the girl's warm welcome from her teacher helped revise his hopes about the little…

This ready-reference pull-out folder focuses on student discipline, discussing how to stop problems before they start, discipline in 1995 versus discipline in 1975, individual discipline style, steps to improving problem behavior, and resources for further information. (SM)

A theory-driven, critical case study of the stated needs for literacy of 11 adult literacy learners, argued to be social constructions, is reported. The hypothesis generated is that notions about literacy acquired in the context of acquisition of that literacy will be represented in the learners' subsequent requests for these literacy needs.…

This description of a teacher-researchers's experiences of surprise in daily practice suggests that moments of surprise are opportunities to develop and sustain reflective teaching practice. The experience of surprise is in itself an embodied reflection that can awaken pedagogical possibilities. (SLD)

A Canadian university study of 308 students' time use in academic areas used a model relating variables of social background, social psychological characteristics, time use, and educational attainment. Findings suggested that, taking into account these other variables, the time students spend on academic activities and paid employment has little…

One year after graduation, 38.2% of a sample of 2,214 bachelor's degree graduates responded to a survey; sample was reduced to 378 working in for-profit organizations. Wide variability was apparent in socialization experiences and adaptation strategies; many were ambivalent about remaining. Results suggest a need to address new employee…

Analyzed whether feelings have a disproportionate impact on the way people perceive and remember unusual, atypical people. The results of four experiments suggest that mood has a significantly greater influence on judgments when the targets do not fit a prototypical pattern, thus requiring more lengthy, extensive processing. (RJM)

A psychologist's research suggests that black and female students may have lower standardized test scores and academic achievement because they have accepted stereotypes concerning their ability. Critics feel the researcher, Claude M. Steele, may be overlooking other factors. Steele has developed a program a Stanford University (California) to…