Minority students are overrepresented among those labeled emotionally and behaviorally disturbed (EBD). But doing away with special education, under the argument that it is separatist and racist, will not solve the problem of race-segregated students. Lower teacher expectations for minorities is an especially deep-rooted problem that can occur in…

Six-month-old African-American infants' expectation of a visual stimulus was related to developmental measures. Reaction time was related to eye fixation in tests that measured visual recognition memory (VRM) and presented objects of different shapes to the infant. Reaction time and infants' stimulus expectation predicted VRM novelty preference.…

Presents study results on the cognitive-affective response to music as affected by three dimensions of preparatory set. Explores self-perception of musicality, attitude toward style concepts and valuing of music experiences, and beliefs and expectations of music listening. Concludes that perception of musicality, general attitude, style…

A study of two adult basic education centers compared 17 reluctant learners (early dropouts) with 20 persisters and found that, although reluctant learners value education, they have negative attitudes and experiences of schooling and drop out because of dissatisfaction with the lack of challenge and attention they receive. (SK)

Examined salary and work hour expectations of business students and influence of parents on development of expectations. Findings from 260 business students showed that fathers had more influence than mothers on both sons' and daughters' salary and work hour expectations. Males expected to earn higher salaries and thought it was reasonable to work…

Adolescents (n=349) completed questionnaire evaluating friendships, expectations, intimacy and attachment, and conflict with friends. Found small differences in friendship network across gender and age. Girls expected more from their friends than did boys, and girls' level of attachment and intimacy with friends was greater. Number of friends in…

Journals kept by 12 students in a life-history project who visited older adults revealed four experiences: (1) preprogram assumptions about how to interact with the elderly; (2) personal conflict over the inappropriateness of the assumptions in action; (3) reevaluation of themselves and intergenerational relationships; and (4) transposition--10 of…

A meta-analysis including 96 experimental studies considers the effects of reinforcement/reward on intrinsic motivation. Results indicate that reward does not decrease intrinsic motivation, although interaction effects must be examined. An analysis with five studies also indicates that reinforcement does not harm intrinsic motivation. (SLD)

Interviews with federal, state, and local officials about the federally funded youth-at-risk grant program found that federal and state philosophy and goals were similarly focused on developing community coalitions to address youth issues, whereas local leaders focused on developing school-age child care activities and viewed coalition-building as…

Based on 2 years' experience with 30 principals learning and applying a school-based, school-defined improvement procedure, this article discusses 3 sources of resistance to shared decision making presented in a principals' center environment: certain principals' personality characteristics, teaching staff composition in certain schools, and…

Criticizes previous article by Galassi, Crace, Martin, James, and Wallace on client anticipations and preferences regarding career counseling. Criticisms focus on theoretical grounding of the study, assessment format, data analysis, and data interpretation. (Author/NB)

Responds to previous article by Galassi et al. on client anticipations and preferences regarding career counseling. Shows Galassi et al.'s criticisms of Tinsley and Benton and the Expectations about Counseling instrument to be unfounded, discusses problems with terminology, and analyzes technical adequacy and findings of Galassi et al. Also…

A predominantly African-American middle school in Baltimore, Maryland, developed a college exploratory program. The "Paving the Way" checklist suggests that students establish good academic skills, begin a savings plan, explore careers, and visit local colleges. Administrators must help increase the number of students who view themselves as…

Compared patient and spousal perceived support during the cardiac surgery recovery period and explored effects of social support on patient/spouse subjective mood states for 117 couples. Social support buffered the impact of caregiving burden on mood disturbance for caregiving spouses but did not significantly impact physical or mental health…

New college fundraisers are encouraged to be optimistic, act confident, ask for a specific amount, and expect a positive answer when requesting a donation. Anecdotal evidence illustrates how effective this approach can be, and how the benefits extend beyond achieving a fundraising goal to inspire others about the college. (MSE)